Module 7 †Reflective Practice and Professional Development

Certificate in Education Module 7 Reflective coif and Professional Development Report to comp ar teaching federal agencys In both organisation there must be some structure and it is this that leads to a filling of teaching and management roles within education. All roles ar focused on the quality of service provided to not only the learners but to the community, our stakeholders, awarding bodies, funders and parents. The 3 roles I reserve chosen for comparison are Team Manager, which is my role at NN, a Trainer on the foundation nurture programme at NN and the role of Learning Support Assistant.I have collected the information by talking to and observing, the trainer on foundation learning. I have researched the post of LSA as this is a role that I need to employ in the New Year for the new programme I will be running. I have 12 learners on programme at any given time, the gradation is entry 3 and the maximum I have in a group is 6. The courses are a mixture of practical an d theory for example the driving theory course as the name suggests is mainly theory however the nail technicians course is mainly practical.The trainer on foundation learning has a maximum of 16 learners and the level ranges between entry 3 and level 1. He does 75% practical and 25% theory as he gets the learners to take a pot of responsibility for their own learning. The LSA that I will be employing will be carrying on a 11 or 12 basis. We all work with 16-18 year olds that have not fitted into mainstream education. . I have split the responsibilities into sections of common themes to compare the roles. My role as Team Manager is to plan and direct the activities of the police squad.Through Team meetings and one to one support & supervision sessions we hash out the inescapably of current and potential learners, with this information in mind, I then need to create Schemes of Work which not only meet the individual needs of the learner and the targets, but also the standards an d outcomes set by senior management, funders and regulatory bodies. The session plans are then created by either myself or the trainers for the appropriate programme. The LSAs, trainers and myself are all responsible for working from the session plans and ensuring that outcomes and targets are met and standards adhered to.As a group we would also discuss what additional resources and materials would be necessary for the course and create an native list and a wish list. It would then be my responsibility to check what was available within the budget and authorise any additional spending. I am responsible for risk assessing and ensuring the health & Safety of the staff and learners. The trainers are responsible for the health and safety of themselves and learners during sessions and have a responsibility to bring to the attention of the team manager anything that arises during their sessions.The LSA has a responsibility to report any health and safety issue to their line manager. We all have a responsibility to take in that our areas are clean, tidy and secure at the end of each session. I am responsible for learner registrations, arranging internal and external verification and answering normalisation meetings. The trainers are responsible for providing me or their team manager with the necessary information for us to do the registrations and to date that learners portfolios are completed to an refreshing standard.The LSAs can complete learner progress reports and are responsible for finish the tasks with the learners that have been set by the trainer. All of the roles are responsible for field of view and classroom management, the trainer is responsible for the discipline and management of the whole class, the LSA, alongside the trainer is responsible for the learners they are working with and I am responsible boilers suit for making any final decisions about discipline and behavioural issues. On my project specifically, I allow the learners quite a l ot more parallel signly as my focus is on engagement following a long period of no education.The trainer on FL would expect a far-off greater standard of behaviour as he is preparing the learners for further training or employment. Ideally we would see a journey of improving behaviour from when they latch on on my course to when they finish on FL. The LSAs are responsible for setting up equipment and resources whilst the trainer is responsible for deciding which equipment to use, designing any handouts/resources and ensure that resources are used effectively and efficiently. I need to ensure that there are adequate resources for the trainers including purchasing and designing my own resources whilst remaining inside the allocated budget.I am responsible for securing adequate funding to provide appropriate resources. We are all responsible for the learning journey of the learner the LSA must be impartial when assisting the learners and ensure that their practice is professional an d inclusive. The trainer is responsible for ensuring the practice with the group is inclusive and that they can challenge any discriminatory behaviour and attitudes. They design individualised learning plans with the learners and the LSAs work towards goals set with the learners on these plans.I need to ensure that any new paperwork is designed within our, and other regulatory bodies, codes of practice. The trainer is responsible for completing initial assessments with the learner and I am responsible for ensuring that initial assessments take place and that all relevant paperwork is completed. The LSA would not be expected to do initial assessments however would be expected to chip in to learning reviews. I am responsible for ensuring that practice and assessments are standardised. All staff are required to attend standardisation meetings for the various awarding bodies that we use.This ensures that our assessments are fair, reliable, sufficient and valid. The Trainer on FL would be expected to work with external bodies to find and maintain suitable work placements however on my course this is not as relevant. The Team manager along with the health and Safety manager would be responsible for carrying out a risk assessment on the placement. The trainer is responsible for communicating with colleagues and attending meetings to ensure that training is standardised. They are responsible for collecting information that could be involve by others and passing it to their line manager.I am responsible for collating performance data to present to senior management, external agencies and regulatory bodies. In addition I am responsible for leading, managing, developing and motivating staff, including support & supervision and arranging adequate cover. I control and monitor expenditure against a set budget and contribute to the budget setting process. I am responsible for maintaining the viability of my project and work with my team manager colleagues to ensure that we maximise, and identify any potential use of any shared resources.I am responsible for developing relationships with referral agencies, stakeholders and partnership agencies and where required work collaboratively in a multi agency setting, whilst maintaining confidentiality of information. The conclusion is that there are a lot of similarities between the roles as they are all predominantly based on supporting the learning journey of young people. All roles are vital for the supremacy of the young people. The differences are based around the levels of responsibility and accountability.

Explaining Cam And Its Followers Health And Social Care Essay

substructureonic DEFINITION OF CAM A Cam is a mechanical constituent of a machine that is mappingd to convey gesticulate to another constituent, c eithered the abetter _or_ abettor, through a prescribed gesture plan by direct satisfy. Introduction TO CAM AND FOLLOWERSA Cam associate, as well cognise as a path colleague, 1 is a specialised type of roller or needle charge designed to follow Cams. Cam followings come in a huge array of polar constellations, nevertheless the most defining feature is how the Cam abetter _or_ abettor saddle horses to its copulating portion stud manner Cam followings use a he-man while the yoke manner has a hole through the center. 2 The initiative Cam follower was invented and patented in 1937 by Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manu detailuring Company. 3 It replaced utilizing merely a standard bearing and bolt. The new Cam followings were easier to utilize because the he-man was already included and they could be aligns manage high t onss. /CAM AND MECHANISMSA Cam mechanism consists of triad elements the Cam, the follower ( or follower system ) , and the frame. The follower is in direct contact with the Cam. The Cam may be of assorted forms. The follower system includes all of the elements to which gesture is imparted by the Cam. This may be connected keen to the follower, or connected through linkages and pitching. The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the Cam and for the follower.A CAM changes the input gesture, which is normally lap gesture ( a revolving gesture ) , to a reciprocating gesture of the follower. They are found in many machines and playthingsWHAT IS THE invention BEHIND CAM?A CAM is a revolving machine component which gives reciprocating or hovering gesture to another component known as follower. The Cam and follower has a guide or fund contact represent a higher brace or you can state that it is the mechanicl constituent of a machine that is employ to convey the ges ture to the another constituent of the machine called the follower, through a prescribed plan by direct contact.The contact between them is well-kept by an external force which is by and large provided by the spring or sometimes by the weight of the follower itself, when it is sufficient. Cam is the driver member and the follower is the goaded member. The follower is in direct contact with the Cam.CAM MECHANISM CONSIST OF THREE MECHANISMSCam It may be of many forms accomplice It includes all the elements to which gesture is imparted by the cam.This may be connected straight by the cam.This may be connected straight to the follower, or connected through linkages and geartrain.Frame The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the Cam and for the follower.APPLICATIONS OF CAM AND FOLLOWERSCam and follower are widely use for runing recess and exhaust valve of I C engine.These are use in groyne clock.These are used in provender mechanism of automatic lathe Machine.These ar e used in composition film editing machine.Used in weaving framework machineries.The Cam mechanism is a various 1. It can be designed to bring forth about limitless types of gesticulating the follower.It is used to transform a rank gesture into a translating or hovering gesture.On certain occasions, it is besides used to transform one translating or hovering gesture into a different translating or hovering gesture.River cams are used in a broad diversity of automatic machines and instruments.The certain usuages of Cam and followings that includes fabric machineries, computing machines, publishing imperativenesss, nutrient processing machines, internal burning engines, and unbounded other automatic machines, control systems and devices. The Cam mechanism is so a really of import constituent in modern mechanisation.Categorization OF CAMSBased on the physical formDisk or home base CamsWorking of the phonograph usher Cam with reciprocating follower.Working of the phonograph record Cam with hovering follower.Cylindrical CamTranslating CamCategorization OF FOLLOWES( I ) Based on surface in contact( a ) natural language border follower( B ) Roller follower( degree Celsius ) Flat faced follower( vitamin D ) Spherical follower( twain ) Based on type of gestureHovering followeTranslating follower( three ) Based on line of performRadial ( in line ) follower( B ) Off- restore followerRiver cams can be handily classified into dickens chief groupsGroup aRiver cams that impart gesture to the follower in a plane in line with the axis of rotary proceeding of the Cam ( as does a cylindrical Cam ) .Group BRiver cams that impart gesture to the follower in a plane at 90 grades to the axis of rotary motion, as with face or border cams.Most cams autumn into this class.TYPES OF CAMSBizarre CamA round Cam is often called an bizarre Cam becausethe axis of rotary motion of the Cam is arm from thegeometrical centre of the round phonograph record.Concentric phonograph recordA homocentric phonograph record devoted to a rotating shaft wouldhold its axis of rotary motion co-occuring with its geometriccentre.PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMSPear- regulate CamThese type Cams are frequently used for commanding valves. For illustration, they are used on motor auto camshafts to run the engine valves. Afollower controlled by a pear-shaped Cam remains inactive for about half a revolution of the Cam. During the clip that the follower isstationary, the Cam is in a dwell period. During the other half revolution of the Cam, the follower inceptions and so falls. As the pearshaped Cam is symmetrical, the rise gesture is the same as the autumn gesture.Edge CamsIt must be appreciated that this type of Cam, where the follower is in contact with the border of the Cam phonograph record, is merely capable of leaving positive gesture to its follower in one way, that is, during the rise part of the cam motion. During the autumn part of the Cam motion the follower must be maintained in contact with the Cam either by the mass of the follower and itsmechanism or, more normally, by a spring. some(prenominal) methods have their advantages.Box CamsA channel can be milled in the face of cam phonograph record. As the Cam rotates, a follower located in the channel has its gesture guided by the channel. This type of Cam is called a concussion Cam.Cylindrical CamsCylindrical Cams are used when gesture has to be transmitted parallel to the axis of rotary motion of the Cam. The cylindrical or barrel Cam consists of a revolving cylinder with a c vegetable oiling ( sleep together shaped ) channel in its curvedsurface. A follower with a tapering roller terminal is located in the channel. As the cylinder turns, the follower moves in a consecutive line analogue to the axis of the rotary motion barrel Cam.This type of Cam is frequently used to steer yarn on run uping machines, looms and fabric doing machines.Round CamThese Cams are sometimes called bizarre Cam. The Cam profil e is a circle. The centre of rotary motion of the Cam is frequently from the geometric centre of the circle. The round Cam produces a smooth signifier of gesture called a simple harmonic gesture. These Cams are frequently used to bring forth gesture in pumps. Round Cams are frequently used to run steam engine valves. As the Cam is symmetrical, the rise and autumn gestures are the same.HEART SHAPED CAMSThis Cam causes the follower to go bad with a unvarying speed. Cordate Cams are indispensable when the follower gesture demands to be unvarying or steady as, for illustration, in the mechanism that winds thread equally on the spool of a sewing machine. A cordate Cam can be used for weaving wire equally on the former of a solenoid.UNIFORM ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION CAMSA Cam shaped as shown controls the gesture of the follower so that it moves with unvarying acceleration and deceleration. The follower additions and looses speed at a changeless rate. Uniform acceleration and decelera tion Cams are used to command the gesture of linkages in complex machinery.Types of Cam FollowersThere are three types of Cam followings, and since the type of follower influences the profile of the Cam it is worthwhile sing the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The three types are the knife-edge, the roller follower and the patrolman or mushroom follower.The Knife Edge FollowerThis is the simplest type, is non frequently used due to the rapid rate of wear. When it is adopted, it is normally for reciprocating gesture, running in slides and there is considerable side push, this being a constituent of the push from the Cam.The Roller FollowerThis eliminates the concern of rapid wear since the skiding consequence is mostly replaced by a roller action. Some sliding testament still take topographic point due to the changing peripheral velocity of the Cam profile, due to the fix radius of the point of contact. Note besides that the radial place of the contact between the Cam a nd the roller, comparative to the follower centre, forget alter harmonizing to whether arise or autumn gesture is taken topographic point this fact has to be considered when building the Cam profile. Again, with the roller follower, considerable side pushs are present, a disadvantage when covering with reciprocating gestures. This side push will be increased when utilizing little rollers.The Flat Foot or Mushroom FollowerThis has the advantage that the lone side push nowadays is that due to the clash between the follower and the Cam. The conjecture of wear is non so great as with the knife-edge follower, since the point of contact between the Cam and follower will travel across the face of the follower harmonizing to the alteration of form of the Cam. A fast one to simplification farther the consequence of wear is to plan thefollower to be capable of axial rotary motion and set up the axis of the follower to lie to one side of the Cam. Thus the contact with the Cam will be given to do rotary motion of the follower. The Cam profile, to work with a patrolman follower, must be lentiform at all parts, in order to forestall the corners of the follower delving into the Cam profile. The minimal Cam radius should be each bit little as possible to minimise sliding speed and clash.All three types of Cam followings can be mountedin the undermentioned ways1 ) In-line with the Cam centre line,2 ) Offset from the Cam centre line, or3 ) Mounted on a recounting radial arm.CAM-VALVECAM TERMINOLOGYTrace pointA theoretical point on the follower,matching to the point of a false knife-edge follower.It is used to bring forth the pitch curve.In the instance of a roller follower, the breathing spacepoint is at the centre of the roller.2.Pitch curveThe way generated by the hint point at the follower isrotated about a stationary Cam.3. Working curveThe working surface of a Cam in contact with the follower. Forthe knife-edge follower of the home base Cam, the pitch curve and the working curvescoincide. In a stopping point or grooved Cam there is an interior profile and an outerworking curve.4. change over circleA circle from the Cam centre through the pitch point. Thepitch circle radius is used to cipher a Cam of minimal size for a givenforce per unit area tumble.5. immemorial circle ( cite circle ) The smallest circle from the Cam centrethrough the pitch curve.6. Base circleThe smallest circle from the Cam centre through the Cam profilecurve.7. Stroke or throwThe greatest distance or angle through which the followermoves or rotates.8. Follower supplantingThe place of the follower from a particular naughtor rest place ( normally its the place when the follower contacts with thebasal circle of the Cam ) in intercourse to clip or the rotary angle of the Cam.9. Pressure angleThe angle at any point between the normal to the pitchcurve and the instantaneous way of the follower gesture. This angle isof import in cam design because it represents the abruptne ss of the Camprofile.Some inquiry arises sing Cams and followingsWhen is a direct faced follower favored as compared to roller followings andwhy?Flat faced followings are preferred to roller followings where infinite is limitedfor eg Cams with level followings are used to run valves of an car engine but in instance of stationary and oil engines, roller followings are preferred because more infinite is available.What information is plotted on displacement draw of Cam and follower gesture?Autonomic nervous system Plot of additive supplanting i.e. lift or shot ( s ) of follower ( on Y axisway ) versus angular supplanting ( I? ) of the Cam for one rotary motion ( on Tenaxis way )REFRENCESWIKIPEDIA.McGILL CAMROLL bearings.Robinson, Thomas L. , Bearing , US

Microsoft and Sun

The first problematical questions between Microsoft and temperateness concerning the design and the sources of Microsoft Java implementation and Suns Java standards start back in 2000 or even earlier. When Suns to a greater extent powerful and flexible standard of Java 2 arrived, due to different reasons (partially because of the legal troubles over Java)Microsoft was stuck in older JDK 1.1 mode. So it comes to the point, where you have to do something, or pass off. So Microsoft improved their JVM in the bran-new version of Windows.And then Sun Microsystems, Inc. announced it has started an antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft Corporation.In its complaint (Press Releases, 2002), Sun alleges that Microsoft has in use(p) in extensive anticompetitive conduct, including the followingFragmenting the Java platformFlooding the market with incompatible Java Runtime EnvironmentsForcing different companies to distribute or use products that are incompatible with JavaSignificantly limiting Suns distribution take for the Java Runtime EnvironmentIntentionally interfering with the arrestment of Java-based applications for compatible runtimesCopyright infringement resulting from Microsofts distribution of an unauthorized implementation of the Java Runtime EnvironmentIntentional creation of incompatibilities between Microsoft software and competing technologies, thereby raising permutation costs for consumers and reducing consumer choice.The other side of this long lasting conflict is trying to find a compromise between those standards (Microsofts own and Suns) and withstanding the lawsuits with more or less efficiency.Also Microsoft protesting against the sources of the lawsuits from Sun. Jim Allchin(Jim Allchin, 2002) from Microsoft wroteThis bare was addressed in detail during the liability phase of the trial. The Court of Appeals determined that it was not illegal for Microsoft to develop and distribute our JVM just because it was incompatible with Suns specificat ion.Also on one of the Microsofts press conferences Steve Ballmer (2004) said rough interchanges between their companiesSo Id say thats the elements and then if you take a look at the payment, some of the funds is to resolve our antitrust lawsuit. Some of the payment takes a look back and says lets make sure we are clean with respect to one another on patents. Some of it is forward-looking in legal injury of how we flow together from a patent perspective. And then some of it is forward-looking, us to Sun and Sun to us, in terms of the licensing of key intellectual property that relates to making these things plug together and interoperate well over the network.Press group Transcript Steve Ballmer (Microsoft), Scott McNealy (Sun), retrieved February 18, 2007, from http//www.microsoft.com/presspass/legal/04-02-04SunPressConference.mspxSun Press Releases, Sun files suit against Microsoft for antitrust violations, retrieved February 14, 2007, from http//www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunfla sh/2002-03/sunflash.20020308.1.xmlWritten now Testimony of Jim Allchin, retrieved February 18, 2007, from

“Hedda Gabler” by Henrik Ibsen and the 19th Century Marriage Essay

Marriage in the nineteenth speed of light was a companionable and sparing matter, rather than a matter of personal relationship. The morals of the era, including family morals, are often associated with the Victorian England, where they revealed themselves in the close ultimate and form, yet especially this kind of attitude towards invalidateriage predominate through come forward Europe.The hypocrisy of the nineteenth century marriage, which caused countless lives to be broken and countless people to be unhappy, inspired many owing(p) writers like Oscar Wild, Gustave Flaubert, Honore de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky to refer to the motifs of protest against such state of things. Yet Henrik Ibsen is unique even in this society, he concentrates on the named subject in virtually e very(prenominal)(prenominal) of his famous plays. One of those plays is Hedda Gabler first print in 1890.In this paper I will attempt to analyze Ibsens play in the context of the XIX cent ury marriage, as well as the effect the play itself had on the kind perception of family ties. I will argue that Ibsen managed to demonstrate how frustrating a hypocritical marriage abide be and what a disastrous consequences it dismiss cause not only for the married women, yet for every person involved in the relation. I will further argue that the play can be viewed as Ibsens contri thation to change of the entire social idea of the place of a muliebrity in a family. Ibsen himself wrote that The title of the play is Hedda Gabler.I intended to indicate thereby that as a personality she is to be regarded rather as her founding fathers daughter than as her conserves married woman. Here Ibsen refers to the key problem of marriage in the nineteenth century. A woman has not contend any in capable role in it. She has always been viewed as belonging to some man, whether it is her father, crony or husband. Correspondingly, she had no opportunity to develop her own life and turned out to be a toy in the hands of men, being entirely dependent on them in social and economical aspects . In Heddas case she is either a daughter of a general, or a wife of an academic.But what is worse, she is dependent not only socially, but even mentally. She does not seem to be very clever, yet this does not mean that she lacks char doer. At her first approach Ibsen stresses her pale and opaque face and that her steel-grey eye express a cold, unruffled repose . She is no way a foolish maiden woolgather only of lavish and careless life, throughout the play she often acts as a person of unwavering will, yet of a bad, or rather undeveloped character. This personal underdevelopment includes both narrow outlook and lack of moral principles.Perhaps she has been taught everything practicable about morals, but a person of her type would rather act in contrary to imposed principles. Hedda really belongs to her husband and she is constantly reminded of that. This makes her desire for power even concentrateder, as she demonstrates much and more masculine features as the play develops. Unwilling to accept the feminine stereotypes of behavior Hedda plays with her fathers pistols perhaps more to shock and confuse her family, because handling arms is surely not a proper thing for a young lady. Yet the play with the pistols is still comparatively innocent.It appears that Hedda plays her own naughty with the society. Her relatives treat her as an obedient toy, so Hedda starts using them as toys in turn. This is a game of presumption and indifference. Hedda makes snobbish remarks to the surrounding people, insults Aunt Julies new hat. The game gradually becomes more and more dangerous, and ends with two suicides. It seems that in this game Hedda makes little difference between a hat and Lovborgs life. What the world has given over to Hedda that Hedda returns to the world, and in case her dreams of luxurious existence are finished, she can ruin the world in turn. The dependent position of a woman in marriage is naturally followed by an other(a) aspect of 19th century marriage restriction of a woman. Ibsen embodied this social barrier in the repeated discover of a glass door. The barrier is easy to be removed or broken, which she nervously walks to, but which she never opens, dying inside the claustrophobic space of the house. A question might arise here why Hedda at all married Jorgen Tesman whom she never loved and whom she openly neglected? The most obvious fare is that Hedda was in need of money, since her fathers only heritage was a good name.Tesman was an acceptable choice to her. He is good prosperous, his scientific prospects look perfectly, his name is noble, and, what is most important, his character is not very strong, so Hedda can advantageously control him. What is less obvious is Heddas desire to revenge Lovborg who failed to meet her hopes. Whether consciously or not, Hedda is making her way towards actual murder and suici de from the very beginning of the play. Although even in the 19th century the declared ground of marriage was love, Hedda cries to the Judge not to use this sickening word .She has crossed out her dreams of love and she does not want even to remember them. However, Hedda at least has an idea of love and passions, eon her husband has none. As Hedda married Tesman of convenience, so Tesman did to Hedda. He is attracted both by her origin and by her beauty, mend her death impresses him in a strange way Shot herself Shot herself in the temple insure that . This last phrase shows his real attitude. He never loved Hedda, and his primary concern was his own social position which he hoped to improve with a good marriage and an image of a beautiful wife.In particular there are no good or bad characters in the play, no victims and no executioners. Hedda is often blamed as a snobbish, mean-spirited, small-minded, conservative, cold, bored, vicious. Shes charge upually eager but terrified of sex ambitious to be bohemian but frightened of scandal a desperate romantic fantasist but otiose to sustain any loving relationship with anyone, including herself . This all can be true, but other characters are not better. The basic defect of the situation is that men and women surrounding Hedda are completely ineffectual to see her as a personality outside of her social position.To the last they believe that Hedda would act in the accepted way, whether it is Tesman who views his wife as a pretty doll or Judge Brack who blackmails Hedda to project into the family and probably force Hedda to a love affair believing that Hedda would act as a women in hopelessness, in other words obey . Brack is surprised with Heddas rebelliousness against the rule and asks Are you so unlike the generality of women as to have no turn for duties? . But what Hedda does not want to collect about are duties. In this company even Lovborg causes little compassion.An miserable alcoholic who almost rui ned his talent saved not due to his own effort, but due to a woman, he is inefficient even to die in the way Hedda has determined, and his suicide looks ridiculous. Being lastly cornered by the percentage Hedda decides to commit suicide herself. All of her dreams are ruined, she is now convinced that nobody loves her, her dreams of freedom, luxury and passions appeared to be mirages. She is unable to dominate even in the situation she has herself created. Hedda realizes that she is not a romantic hero but a simple wife of an academic, she is imprisoned and powerless.Her possible motherhood can only aggravate her despair, for a fry shall be born from a man she does not love, and childbirth will make her even more helpless and dependent. Thus suicide looks as a natural resort for her. There is an another strong social allusion in the play. Lovborg and Mrs. Elvsted use to label go to sleepborgs manuscript as a child, so hot a manuscript is a similar to child murder. When Hedda ki lls herself she kills her prospective children, as well as ruins her husbands reputation thus doing two things he is afraid of.She commits suicide out of escapist intents but it is also a revenge to her husband, Brack, relatives and the whole world where such hypocritical marriage is possible. Hedda Gabler caused an ambiguous reply of the public ever since premiere. The responses differed from calling it Ibsens greatest play and the most interesting woman that he has created to the devastating characteristic by George Bernard Show who emotionally observed What a marvel of stupidity and nonsense the author did produce in this play It is incredible to think that only a score of days ago the audience sat seriously before its precious dullness.American newspapers added oil to the erupt of critique. The Philadelphian Ledger wrote after the American premiere What a hopeless specimen of degeneracy is Hedda Gabler A vicious, heartless, cowardly, unmoral, roguery vixen. Yet I would emph asize a characteristic that remains actual until now. It has been provided by Justin Huntly McCarthy who wrote of the he most interesting woman that he has created she is compact with all the vices, she is instinct with all the virtues of womanhood . The tip over has not ceased over the years.Hedda became a favored character in the feminist movement, the play has been staged in numerous interpretations, including even lesbian one. However such public interest is the best proof of the fact that Ibsen hit the nail. Hedda Gabler is a play about fatal marriage. It starts with return of Hedda from her wedding journey and ends with the beginning of her final journey. However, Ibsen managed to generalize his subject and make his play a story of woman place in the society. 19th century marriage did left little space for female existence in the world dominated by males.That what the play is actually about. The motif of domination is revealed throughout the play and it is not always possibl e to say who, except for faulty customs dominates the situation. After all Tesman is unable to control even himself, and Hedda can not take the leading positions in the family due to social restrictions. Death is her protest. Perhaps it would not be too general to say that Ibsen wrote not only of physical death of his character but of a spiritual death of womanhood in the 19th century marriage. Works Cited 1. Ibsen, Henrik. Hedda Gabler. Digireads. com, 2005. 2. Coontz, Stephanie.Marriage, a History How Love Conquered Marriage. New York Penguin Books, 2006. 3. Templeton, Joan. Ibsens Women. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2001. 4. Eyre, Richard. Femme fatale. Richard Eyre would like to apologise to Ibsen for doubting the greatness of Hedda Gabler. The Guardian. 5 Mar. 2005. 21 April 2009 http//www. guardian. co. uk/stage/2005/mar/05/theatre 5. Sanders, Tracy. Lecture Notes Hedda Gabler Fiend or Heroine. Australian Catholic University, 2006. 21 April 2009 http//dlibrary. acu. edu. au/staffhome/trsanders/units/modern_drama/hedda_gabler. html

Analyse the ways in which the themes of intimidation Essay

Analyse the ways in which the themes of disincentive and persecution are presented in the crucible.In Arthur Millers play, he uses a lot of intimidation and persecution. Intimidation means that someone is made small, helpless and weak. Persecution is when someone is being smart or picked on because of their race, religion, appearance, political views or if their different to everyone else. Intimidation and persecution link to the play as passel were being accuse of witchcraft and they felt powerless and hurt, as they were different in some way.Take Tituba for example, she was made powerless and was whipped because of her race and her status. Miller presents the play as an allegory, which has an underlying meaning as well as a literal meaning. Firstly, the underlying meaning is the McCarthy trials towards the communists, and people lost their lives over a dishonest politician. Secondly, the literal meaning is the witch trials in Salem and people lost their lives all because of li es. They both link as people lost their lives over silly things.The Historical place setting is about Salem and the witch trials The Crucible took level in the 17th century in Salem. Girls felt ill in Massachusetts, no one could condone the illness so everyone thought it was the devil and witchcraft. There were art objecty puritans who goddamn the devil and often blamed people of devil worshiping if they took part in sinful activities such as dancing. Many people were criminate of being a witch with no evidence nineteen people and two dogs were convicted and hanged.One man was crushed to death as he refused to admit he was a witch. To avoid being impeach of being a witch they said that thither neighbour. The girls felt better and the hysteria died down. The Literary context is about Miller and McCarthyism McCarthyism is making accusations of disloyalty, of pro-communist activity, in many another(prenominal) instances unsupported by proof or remote evidence. Joseph McCarthy led America to become anti-communists, as communism was Russian. America was scared of Russia because of the cold war. McCarthy put many people on trial including Miller, he was accused of being a communist as he refused to answer questions.These link to the three scenes I have chosen as they show the history, such as the girls were ill, witchcraft, devils and deaths. Miller also links the literary context to the three scenes I have chosen, such as McCarthyism and trials.Firstly I have chosen Act 1. Miller presents intimidation from the beginning of the scene, I- do call back thither was some movement-in the soup. This shows Parris is being intimidated as the pegleg directions in front said imposing you can tell he is fearful as the quotation has hyphens, which indicates a shocked pause. Abigails cousin, Betty, is in bed felling ill. Hale is desperate to k at present if the devil is involved.Abigail blames Tituba, I never call him Tituba, Tituba Abigail is persecuting Tituba as s he has a lower status then her. There is an ellipsis at the end of the quotation this shows that there is a pause. Abigail and Hale spoke about what happened in the forest. Abigail lies I never sold myself Im a good girl Im proper girl Miller shows Abigail is getting angry because there are explanation marks at the end of each sentence. It is dramatic irony, the audience know that Abigail had an link with John but the characters dont. Tituba then enters the room Abigail then blames Tituba again, She makes me drink blood She makes me laugh at prayer Miller shows Abigail persecuting Tituba as she treats her unfairly because of her race and status, she also uses Tituba to cover up her story.Hale now thinks that Tituba has sent her spirit upon Betty. Tituba disagrees, I love me Betty Tituba is getting angry it also shows Tituba getting annoyed because theres an explanation mark in the quotation. Titubas pronouns are mixed up because shes from the Caribbean. Parris wants Tituba to confe ss, You depart confess yourself or I will take you out and whip you to your death, Tituba This shows Parris was persecuting Tituba as he was spillage to hurt her. You can tell he was shouting, as theres an explanation mark at the end of the quote. Tituba loses her power terrified falls to her knees Titubas scared she doesnt want to get hurt so she falls on her knees with no power and confesses, this is intimidation as she feels small and is literarily small, she wants someone to relieve her like her childhood.Tituba lies to save her life. Hale is trying to get answers out of Tituba, Who came to you with the devil? Two? Three? 4? How many? Hale is asking short questions to find out about the devil, before the quote stage directions said kindly this shows Hale wasnt trying to scare Tituba. Tituba is getting all the attention and Abigail is suspicious I want to open myself I want the light of God Abigail has changed her mind as to begin with Abigail said she never called the dev il. Then Betty wakes and started shouting names that she supposedly saw with the devil. The curtain falls with hysteria.

Eatright

CHAPTER ONE (1) 1. 0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1. 1INTRODUCTION The game of football of which Ameri abides call soccer, has engulfed the arna constituent as a compresseds of entertainment for its audiences, profession for those who play the game, business for those who invest in it and eventually as a unifying tool for peacemakers. All these sport been as a issuance of the fruit of football in these past years. The game of football has gr avouch faster than any separate variation in history, doubling in its moment of viewers e rattling cardinal to common chord years (FIFA/F-MARC, 2006).The maturation importance and popularity precondition to football as a gaming has resulted in enormous searches to determine regimenetical inhalants germane(predicate) for individuals beneathtaking such sport and keepal influences on soccer per figance (Kirkendall et al, 1993). Notwithstanding , the reserve of seriousness given to the dietetic intakes of players and nutritional in fluences of aliments interpreted, is lower in explaining countries than in the congenital ones although virtually cheeks of football development has been launched in some(prenominal) of these developing countries.Besides this, a developing unsophisticated whitethorn be rated amongst the third world countries of the world, the Republic of Ghana has found itself swooped along with this pandemic that is virtually ruling the world to mean solar cardinal-four hours. In this case we stick out cite the case of Egypt, that in the last years throw off shown a real high growth in football achievements, and the case of Ghana, that has al picturey r individuallyed a ripe take get hold of of development of the game with find to achieving laurels.In the last two decades, this sport has gained tremendous attention by sports scientists (Chryssanthopoulos et al, 2009). The fire performance of a football player is as a result of the combination of talent, appropriate discipline and good nutrition. The latter of which has an effect on the preceding two (talent and appropriate discipline) has being the aspect neglected by partnerships and even players in particular.The dietetic pattern and food habits of football players determines their nutritional status, as in tireing more, less or just as recommended, eating appropriate or junk foods and as to whether nutritives consumed from food fill gaps created by mechanisms resulting in postcode spending. The game is characterized by periods of low to delay oxidative exercise interrupted by frequent activities of short period and high intensity, such as sprinting, jumping, and tackling.It is taken for granted(predicate) that such an thrust-demanding sport requires proper dietetic programmes that get out restore or even super-compensate personate thrust stores and enhance the action at law pattern of players during didactics and competition (Martin et al, 2006). The zip fastener wants for an ind ividual varies according to their age, charge up and the forcible activities they perform during the daytime. Healthy manlike individuals present an average null demand of 2900 kcalday-1 (National Research Council, 1996) however, a master key soccer players heftiness demand oscillates from 3500 to 4300 kcal/day (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al. 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002 Rico-Sanz, 1998). It should be ac bopledged that these values for soccer players divert, and muscle needs ar met if the dietetical pattern and food habits of a player provides the recommended requirements coupled with the appropriate physical exercise as life force expenditure faces on the frequency and intensity of raising sessions, exercises and jibees which can uphold the nutritional status of an individual (Clark et al, 2003). 1. 2PROBLEM STATEMENTMany investigateers save studied the dietary habits of soccer players in an attempt to raise whether the reported diets fulfill dietary recommendations. Th e vast adoptity of these studies have examined players at especially Europe and a few times at the southern Americas. A striking bite of players, however, compete at the African function which is usually a pool from which foreign captain bludgeons in places like France, England, Italy and Germany choose their members to form their squads.Requirement specifications in these studies atomic number 18 difficult to apply to participants in this part of the world as they differ in monetary value of the geo graphic field, climatic and support condition, morphological and physiological features, social setting, avail up to(p) foods altering patterns and habits-to identify a few (Lemon,1994). Few studies have examined the dietary habits of lower level soccer players. Furthermore, an another(prenominal) aspect of particular importance that has not received a lot attention is the diet of soccer players during the game day and especially the pre-competition meal and the food the y consume during after-game recovery.A proper pre-game meal will facilitate be faculty stores out front competition by helping to twinge up brawn and liver animal starch stores, something that whitethorn enable players to cover owing(p)er distances in the field and at higher(prenominal) speeds than they would with suboptimal glycogen levels (Chryssanthopoulos et al, 2009). Also, optimal dietary intake in the hours after the game will ensure rapid recovery (Burke et al, 2003). All dynamic police squads at the 2006 world cup had a nutritionist/dietician in their technical setup (FIFA/F-MARC, 2006).Also 19 out of 20 premiere league teams in England have a nutritionist/dietician in their setup (Article- circular performance, 2005). On the contrary, the growing importance given to nutrition in football has not really gained grounds in Africa as out of the 8 teams that participated in the just ended CAF champions league, only 2 teams had a nutritionist (CCL report, 2009). In Ghan a, research has shown that only two teams out of 16 in the selected division have a nutritionist (Ghanafa. com, 15/01/10).In this case, players argon left unguided to develop dietary patterns and food habits that might not be beneficial with respect to their chosen profession. 1. 3PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this look at is to treasure the dietary patterns, food habits and ability expenditure of maestro footballers in actual Tamale United football Club in Tamale Metropolis. 1. 4JUSTIFICATION With the growing interest in football in Sub Saharan Africa, specifically Ghana, there is the need for researches into the nutritional needs of it participants. near information on dietary patterns, food habits, brawn demands, development and conditioning strategies argon extrapolated from researches on individuals out of this part of the world especially Europe and the Americas. This research will review article the nutrition needs, push expenditure, dietary patterns and habits o f Ghanaian professional footballers and to identify what is not known to advert as a baseline data to encourage research in these populations. It will too arrive at the demands of a professional footballer in conditions here in Africa, specifically Ghana and likewise what influences these demands. . 5RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. 5. 1GENERAL OBJECTIVES The research aims at assessing the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers in the Real Tamale United football Club which is in the Tamale urban center. 1. 5. 2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ?To assess the circumstanceors that influence dietary pattern and food habit of footballers. ?To assess the guinea pigface of foods (macronutrients) commonly consumed by professional footballers. ?To assess the nutritional status of footballers in the club. ?To determine the physical natural process level of footballers. To determine average energy expenditure of the footballers. ?To determine whether professional foo tballers figure their energy requirement. CHAPTER both (2) 2. 0LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this literature review is to summarize available research that is related to the concept of the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers and the evaluation of its relevance and effects on nutritional status. The review complicates sections devoted to various existing researches on dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers.A atomic number 16 section will take snap shots into sports nutrition, oddly in football (soccer), and a brief comment of requirement specifications of dietary intakes for professional footballers. 2. 1 SOME EXISTING RESEARCHES ON DIETARY INTAKES AND ENERGY utilization of goods and services OF PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALLERS There are quite a number of researches on the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers in the knowledges area. Some are still bei ng developed, and yet some are under considerations which are likely to possess some amount of knowledge as the game gains popularity and participation.Whatever be the case, one particular type of research might not contain just too much information or knowledge a professional footballer needs. The opposite is true, as knowledge in the sport does not necessarily trigger appropriate dietary patterns and food habits. As such, it is necessary to know the requirement specifications of participants and compare them to available accepted research publication requirement specifications for a professional footballer in order to make the take up extract.The requirement specifications might take into consideration, the geographical location, climatic and weather conditions, morphological and physiological features, social setting, available foods-just to mention a few. There is no doubt that the type, amount, story, and quantify of food intake can dramatically affect exercise performance , recovery from exercise, be angle and composition, and salutaryness (Burke et al, 2003). Good nutritional practice is essential to athletic success by improving the character of breeding, increase performance and speeding recovery time.Soccer is described as a high intensity intermittent sport involving continual changes in action (Hargreaves, 1994). When exercise or physical work increase to more than 1 hour per day, the importance of tolerable energy and nutrient intakes becomes more critical (Manore, 2004). The dietary patterns and food habits developed by individuals involved in such energy demanding sport determines their nutrient intake, coupled with demands of physical performance, have a collective influence on performance and nutritional status (Clark et al, 2003). 2. 2DIETARY PATTERNS AND FOOD HABITS OF FOOTBALLERSAll humans eat to survive. They alike eat to express appreciation, for a sense of belonging, as part of family customs, for self-realization and due t o their tune and profession. For ex gigantic, someone who is not hungry may eat a piece of cake that has been baked in his or her honour. People eat according tolearned behaviorsregarding etiquette, meal and snack patterns, accep disconcert foods, food combinations, and authority sizes. Individuals develop some kind of behaviors as a result of what goes on around them and they maintain these immature behaviors as the best suitable for them (Bandura, 1997).The social cognitive theory explains how people acquire and maintain authoritative behavioural patterns, slice also providing the basis for intervention strategies (Bandura, 1997). The more a person is exposed to a food and encouraged to eat it, the greater the chances that the food will be accepted (C. Nti, 2009). As the pictorial matter to a food increases, the person becomes more familiar and less fearful of the food, and acceptance may develop (C. Nti, 2009). Some persons only eat specific foods and flavour combinations , firearm others like trying different foods and flavors (Rodriguez, 2009). . 2. 1 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PATTERNS OF FOOD HABITS To live one must eat. But, we notonly eat to live, what we eat also affects our ability to keep wellnessy, do work, to be happy and to live well. Knowledge of what to eat and in what quantities is a prerequisite to the powerful and happy life (Rodriguez, 2009). The average nutritional requirements of classs of people are fixed and depend on such measurable characteristics such as age, sex, vertex, cant, and degree of occupation and rate of growth (Martin et al, 2006).Good nutrition requires a satisfactory diet, which is capable of supporting the individual consuming it, in a state of good health by providing the desired nutrients in required amounts. It must provide the right amount of burn down to execute chemical manifestation physical natural action. If the entirety amount of nutrients provided in the diet is insufficient, a state of under nutrition will develop. What and how people eat is determined by a configuration of factors, including economic circumstances, pagan norms, and religious restrictions(Judith C. Rodriguez, 2009).Some factors influencing food choices include preferences, ethnicity, values, habits, accessibility, health and nutrition. Dietary patterns, which are affected by a number of reasons, some of which are enumerated above, determine the nutritional and health status of people (Krause and Mahan, 1984). Regardless of the factors influencing dietary patterns, adequate food intake is essential as nutritional well-being plays an important role in health promotion and maintenance. Diet may influence the risk of developing certain chronic diseases and plays a role in preventing morbidity and mortality.Eating habits are thus the result of both external factors, such as politics, and inbred factors, such as values. These habits are formed, and may change, over a persons lifetime. There is little rese arch on the dietary patterns and food habits of soccer players, this notwithstanding, studying intakes gives some amount of information on their diet patterns. lord footballers develop a habit of reducing the intake of simoleonss and round outs and increasing intake of proteins and vitamins with the knowledge of preventing increases in weight (Manore, 2000). This is not the case as R. J.Maughan (2000) recommended increased intake of moolah in particular looking at the nature of the sports which is energy demanding. He did this after studying the macronutrient intakes of two elite teams in Scotland. Individuals have some sort of perceptions that go with the kind of profession they choose and football players are not left out. The fact that one is a professional footballer could alter the dietary pattern and food habit of that person. Also, availability of food (the individuals env conjurement) influences the arena of food choices he or she can make. 2. 3ENERGY AND NUTRIENT REQUI REMENTS OF progressive INDIVIDUALSMeeting energy needs is the initiative nutritional precedingity for athletes and one of the most frequently asked questions is How much should I eat to stay fit and healthy? A healthy diet contains the right pro offices of bread, expand, protein, vitamins and minerals (Maughan, 2000). breads and fats are the major solutions of energy although energy can be obtained from protein. Active individuals need more energy ( small calories) each day than their sedentary counterparts-assuming individuals are of the same age, personate size and participate in similar non-physically hot(p) nonchalant activities (Manore, 2000).Exercise requires energy to give notice and repair the muscles, thus, meeting ones energy needs to maintain dust weight should be a priority for any athlete or restless individual (Clark et al, 2003). sinew agreement is achieved when the energy consumed (sum of energy from food, supplements and fluids) equals energy expend iture (sum of all the energy expended by the body in movement or to maintain body functions) (Swinburn and Ravussin, 1993). Knowing whether one is in energy balance is simplistic weight is maintained.If energy intake does not cover the costs of energy expenditure, then weight and muscle raft are incapacitated, and the ability to perform strenuous exercise typically declines (Black et al, 2000). When energy intake is restricted, fat and muscle volume will be utilized for energy to fuel the body, and the loss of muscle plentitude will result in the loss of strength and endurance. Additionally, chronically low energy intake usually results in unforesightful nutrient intakes, including scratch, protein, vitamins and minerals.Exactly how much energy an bustling individual needs each day will depend on a number of factors, including age, gender, body size, level and intensity of physical employment and activities of daily living. The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institut e of Medicine (IOM) in 2002 reviewed the energy needs of active and very active individuals and provided some global recommendations found on age and body size. In usual, the offset goal of an active individual is to maintain adequate energy intake to ensure that a healthy body weight is maintained.Although this seems like a simple task, there are many active individuals who honor this difficult to do. For these individuals, a dietary plan that assures meals and snacks are not skipped will improve energy intake and help maintain weight (Manore, 2000). Finally, energy needs typically decrease with age, so even if employment levels do not change, the amount of energy required to maintain body weight will decrease. For this reason, body weight typically increases with age, even if activity levels remain constant (Black et al, 2000). 2. 4MACRONUTRIENT CONSUMPTIONCarbohydrate, protein and fat are important nutrients for active individuals, but the amounts of these macronutrients u ndeniable will depend on an individuals physical activity, its intensity, duration and frequency, the type of exercise engaged in, and their health, body size, age and gender (Maughan, 2000). Macronutrient recommendations for those engaged in daily physical activity are given on a lower floor and in add-in 2. 1. Table 2. 1 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients and recommendations for active individuals Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients and recommendations for active individualsNutrientNew Guidelines-2002Old Guidelines-1989Guidelines for Active Individuals Carbohydrate45-65% of total energy? 50% of total energyThe amount of boodle required for go intensity exercise is 5-7 g/kg body weight 7-12 g/kg body weight for high intensity endurance activities Protein10-35% of total energy, 0. 8 g/kg of bodyweight10-15% of total energy, 0. 8 g/kg of body weightProtein requirements are typically higher in active individuals. Recommendations run for from 1. 2-1 . 7 g of protein/kg body weight. This level of protein typically represents 15% of total energy.Fat20-35% of total energy? 30% of total energyFat intakes between 20-35%. Carbohydrate and protein needs should be met first. IOM, 2002. FNB, 1989. Burke et al, 2004 Tipton and Wolfe, 2004. 2. 4. 1Carbohydrate needs The mix of fuel (protein, fat, carbohydrate) burned during physical activity depends primarily on the intensity and duration of the activity performed, ones level of fittingness, and prior nutritional status. All other conditions being equal, as exercise intensity increases the use of carbohydrate for energy will also increase (Brooks & Mercier, 1994 Brooks & Trimmer, 1995).The duration of exercise also changes substrates use. As duration of exercise increases (e. g. , from 60 to 120 min), muscle glycogen becomes depleted, causing the body to draw on circulating blood glucose as a source of carbohydrate (Clark et al, 2003). If blood glucose cannot be maintained deep down phy siological range during exercise, the ability to perform intensity exercise will decrease (Coyle et al. , 1986). Fat can be utilise as a source of energy over a wide range of exercise intensities however, the proportion of energy contributed by fat decreases as exercise intensity increases.In these circumstances, carbohydrate becomes the preponderant fuel source firearm the contribution from fat decreases (Bergman et al. , 1999). Protein can also be utilise for energy at rest and during exercise however, in well-fed individuals it probably provides 4. 0 and TEE of 33 MJ/d in a bicycle race and a polar exploration. The maximum for a sustainable expression of life may be that equal by soldiers on active service, with a mean chum salmon of 2. 4 and TEE of 18 MJ/d (Black et al, 2002). Among athletes in training, mean pal ups is 2-3. 5, with TEE ranging from 11 to 18 MJ/d in women, and from 15 to 30 MJ/d in men (UNU, 2004).PALs greater than 2. 4 were obtained in periods of exact ing training, which is unlikely to be a sustained lifestyle. The lower values for PAL, 2. 0-2. 3, were obtained in periods of apparently routine training and may well be sustained for extended periods of time (UNU, 2004). Table 2. 4 Characteristics and energy expenditure (obtained by DLW) in different age and sex groups by UNU, 2004. board group (y)n epoch (y)Height (m)Weight (kg)BMI (kg/m2) means. d. means. d. means. d. means. d. Females 18-298924. 4(3. 7)1. 66(0. 06)69. 2(22. 3)25. 3(8. 1) 30-397633. 8(3. 0)1. 64(0. 07)67. (13. 9)25. 2(4. 9) 40-644751. 6(8. 3)1. 65(0. 07)70. 0(13. 3)25. 9(4. 6) Males 18-295622. 5(3. 5)1. 77(0. 07)75. 6(18. 4)24. 0(5. 3) 30-393634. 3(3. 3)1. 79(0. 06)86. 1(31. 4)26. 8(8. 8) 40-641550. 6(8. 8)1. 76(0. 06)77. 0(10. 0)24. 9(3. 0) TEE (MJ/d)basal metabolic rate (MJ/d)AEE (MJ/d)PAL Age group (y)nmeans. d. means. d. means. d. means. d. Females 18-298910. 4(2. 2)6. 2(1. 1)4. 2(1. 7)1. 70(0. 28) 30-397610. 0(1. 7)6. 0(0. 6)4. 1(1. 5)1. 68(0. 25) 40-64479. 8(1. 7)5. 8(0. 7)4. 0(1. 4)1. 69(0. 23) Males 18-295613. 8(3. 0)7. 5(1. 2)6. 3(2. 5)1. 85(0. 33) 30-393614. 3(3. 1)8. 2(1. 8)6. 1(2. 5)1. 77(0. 1) 40-641511. 5(1. 7)7. 0(0. 8)4. 5(1. 3)1. 64(0. 17) The FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation (2004) suggested the average daily energy requirement of adults whose occupational work is sort as light, moderate, or heavy, expressed as a multiple of BMR, to be as follows LightModerateHeavy Men1. 551. 782. 10 Women1. 561. 641. 82 2. 7. 2Methods of determining thermic needs There are many different methods and edicts used to determine caloric maintenance level or energy expenditure by taking into forecast the factors of age, sex, stature, weight, wobble body plentitude, and activity level.Any method and formula that takes into account black market body mass (LBM) gives the most accurate last of energy expenditure, but even without LBM a reasonably close estimate can be attained. 2. 7. 3Equations based on BMR. A much more accurate method for calculate total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR) using multiple factors, including height, weight, age and sex, then procreate the BMR by an activity factor to determine TDEE (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). BMR is the total number of calories your body requires for normal bodily functions (excluding activity factors).This includes keeping your heart beating, inhaling and exhaling air, digesting food, making new blood cells, maintaining your body temperature and every other metabolic process in your body. In other words, your BMR is all the energy used for the canonic processes of life itself. BMR usually accounts for about two-thirds of total daily energy expenditure. BMR may vary dramatically from person to person depending on genetic factors. BMR is at its lowest when you are log Zsing undisturbed and you are not digesting anything.It is very important to note that the higher your lean body mass is, the higher your BMR will be (Burke et al, 2004) . This is very significant if loss of body fat is needed because it means that the more muscle you have, the more calories you will burn. Muscle is metabolically active tissue, and it requires a great deal of energy just to sustain it. It is obvious then that one way to increase BMR is to engage in weight training in order to increase and/or maintain lean body mass. In this elbow room it could be said that weight training helps you lose body fat, albeit indirectly (Clark et al, 2003). . 7. 4The Harris-Benedict formula (BMR based on total body weight) The Harris Benedict comparison is a calorie formula using the factors of height, weight, age, and sex to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR). This makes it more accurate than determining calorie needs based on total bodyweight alone. The only variable it does not take into consideration is lean body mass. Therefore, this equation will be very accurate in all but the passing muscular (will underestimate caloric needs) and the extrem ely overfat (will overestimate caloric needs). Mathematically Men BMR = 66 + (13. X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) (6. 8 X age in years) Women BMR = 655 + (9. 6 X wt in kg) + (1. 8 X ht in cm) (4. 7 X age in years) number daily energy expenditure is calculated by multiplying BMR by a multiplier (PAL). 2. 7. 5Katch-McArdle formula (BMR based on lean body weight) This formula from Katch & McArdle takes into account lean body mass (weight) and and then is more accurate than a formula based on total body weight. The Harris Benedict equation has separate formulas for men and women because men generally have a higher LBM and this is factored into the mens formula.Since the Katch-McArdle formula accounts for LBM, this hit formula applies equally to both men and women. Mathematically BMR (men and women) = 370 + (21. 6 X lean mass in kg) To determine TDEE from BMR, you simply multiply BMR by the activity multiplier the physical activity level. 2. 8SNAPSHOTS INTO GENERAL SPORTS NUTRITION AND NUTRITION IN FOOTBALL (SOCCER) In every day to day activity in life on earth, maintaining a good health within and without has being the main aim of humans in general. This is not different from that of football players, as keeping fit and compete regularly void of injuries has being the motive.Training and Diet plays a major role in this behaviour and keeping cross of the latter (diet patterns and habits) becomes cumbersome with a lot of lapses coming up every now and then. Football was, for a long time, classed as an endurance sport due largely to the fact that a football match lasted at least(prenominal) 90 minutes. As a result, the nutritional requirements of football players were extrapolated from early scientific research carried out in relation to other endurance sports such as running and cycling.It is true that the duration of a football match is normally 90 minutes however, the training loads associated with these sports are immensely different (Maughan, 2000). On clo ser inspection it becomes clear that daily energy expenditure of professional football players may not be particularly high. Football players are generally inactive when not training and training load will vary, depending on factors such as the stage of the season, or whether tactical or fitness drills predominate in training.If football players were to consume 7-10g of carbohydrate per kg body weight each day (a recommendation found in many textbook) then a quick calculation that include reasonable amounts of protein and fat would generate a daily energy intake closer to 4,200kcal (Maughan, 2000). In Scandinavia this may be closer to the truth. Once the playing season gets underway the Scandinavian subjects typically train sevensome-spot times per calendar week (Manore, 2000). So it is not surprising that energy intakes will exceed 4,000kcal in a country like Sweden (Clark et al, 2003).An athletes diet must be high in carbohydrate, moderate in protein, low in fat, include suffic ient vitamins and minerals, and plenty of fluid. This was the original model with which many football nutritionists and players used to work (Article-peak performance, 2009). Although very simple, much of it still holds today. However, understanding the game has improved nutritionists have been able to tease out strategies from each of the models sub-sections that more closely match the requirements of our sport. What is different is that science no longer holds ll the cards. Football has caught up with science and is now dictating where research efforts are directed. For, example, the glycemic ability of foods, a ranking of foods based on their immediate effect on blood glucose, has become a particularly useful tool in football. Five years ago the approach in football was to encourage a high carbohydrate, low fat diet at all times. Any food that at all met these requirements would be recommended to players in a bid to maximise muscle glycogen storage for training and competition .Now a more measured approach is employed with the glycemic index and, to a lesser extent, the insulin index utilize in a bid to control body composition as well as carbohydrate provision (Article-peak performance, 2009). Emphasis is now placed more on achieving optimum carbohydrate intake prior to matches, and during the recovery period after matches, particularly when some clubs find themselves involved in up to three games per week in the busiest part of the season. Good attitudes to reducing fat intake are now a commonplace in the modern player.Emphasis is placed on increasing intake of certain fatty acids that are found to be lacking in players diets. When performing dietary analyses of players, low intakes of essential fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA docosahexenoic acid, DHA) are consistently reported. Despite the appearance of oily fish in the canteens of football clubs, there may be a case for blanket supplementation in this particular group of sportsmen (Maughan, 2 000). There is growing essay that protein supplementation after training can advance protein synthesis and adaptation of muscle.The type, timing and amount of protein can be manipulated to enhance the adaptive response (Coyle et al, 1999). The work of researchers such as Bob Wolfe and Kevin Tipton in Texas, and microphone Rennie in Dundee (whose primary interest has been likened to preventing older people falling down) has enabled the design of strategies of protein-intake that may promote better adaptation to training. Despite the progress that has been do in our understanding of the demands of football, there is a need for continued improvement. No other sub-discipline of sports medicine comes with so many contrasting views of what is right and wrong.The Zone diet, the Atkins diet, mass supplementation, the concept of the nutritional guru all are still prevalent in the modern game. Players are go more demanding due to conversations with other players from other teams, and als o other athletes from other sports. Players from overseas bring with them their own ideas (nearly always related to vitamin intake), but very often lacking in scientific support (Article-peak performance, 2009). In addition, at present there is a fundamental mismatch in what players and practitioners view as important.Players look at in supplements, extra vitamins and minerals anything that involves increasing muscle mass, and reducing energy intake to achieve lean body composition. Scientific research, on the other hand, demonstrates that players should concentrate more on appropriate energy intake, and high carbohydrate and fluid intake. Sports nutrition is important in football because food provides us with energy for our muscles, brain and other organs. Football requires plenty of exercise, and therefore it is important to have energy available during the game. The energy available at any particular time depends on blood sugar levels.If we over-eat, we become over-weight. The h eavier we are, the more work our muscles have to do to take us the same distance. This reduces stamina, and the ability to accelerate quickly. If we under-eat, we can become weak and our boilersuit health can decline, because we are not getting enough nutrients. A healthy diet improves general level of health, and can help recovery more quickly from injuries (Clark et al, 2003). Along with a program of fitness training, diet can help develop stamina and improve athletic performance (Maughan, 2000). Diet is essential for our growth, and development.The timing of the meals consumed is important. Healthy male individuals present an average energy demand of 2900kcalday-1 (National Research Council, 1996) however, a professional soccer players energy demand oscillates from 3500 to 4300 kcal/day (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al. , 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002 Rico-Sanz, 1998a). It should be acknowledged that these values for soccer players vary from week to week, and energy expenditure depends on t he frequency and intensity of training sessions, exercises and matches. In soccer, players require a diet with a high dower of carbohydrates (Rico-Sanz et al. 1998).On the day of a match the intake of fat and protein should be restricted, as these nutrients require a congressly long time to be digested. Pre-competition meal must be 3-4 hours sooner the match (Bangsbo et al. , 2006). The pre-competition meal should be high in carbohydrate (this is the fuel that your body needs to perform at the highest level), low in fat, low in protein, low in fiber, not too bulky, and motiveless to digest. A snack high in carbohydrate may be eaten about 2 hours ahead the match however the time reference is only a guideline as there are great individual differences in the ability to digest food.Once the game is over, fluids should be replaced and carbohydrate should be consumed as soon as doable to promote recovery of glycogen stores. As soon as possible aim to consume a meal which is high in carbohydrates. Foods such as pasta, spaghetti, strain, noodles, low fat pasta sauce, bread, potatoes, and baked beans should be consumed during this period (Manore, 2000). Carbohydrate rich foods must be the main source of your diet. Consume the main bulk of the diet from complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates should not be consumed in large quantities and are more useful as snacks between workouts, or to top up your energy intake.The carbohydrate consumed should be balanced with a healthy intake of protein, low fat and plenty of fruit and vegetables. The wet lost from the body during sweating needs to be replaced to stop the process of getting tired quickly, and also speed up the recovery process that means feeling fitter and sharper afterwards a lot sooner. For footballers, the best fluid to drink is a diluted carbohydrate/electrolyte solution ideally, its best to drink before, during and after a training session, as well as drinking frequently during a match (peak perform ance, 2009).After all matches, players should attempt to ingest enough carbohydrate-containing sports drink to replace all the fluid theyve lost during competition. After strenuous workouts, water should also be replaced, and football athletes need to eat at least 500 calories of carbohydrate during the two hours following practice in order to maximize their rates of glycogen storage. CHAPTER THREE (3) 3. 0METHODOLOGY The research aims at assessing the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers, in Real Tamale United Football Club in the Tamale capital, and its effect on nutritional status.The research will resolving specific questions about the factors that influence dietary pattern and food habits of footballers, foods/macronutrients commonly consumed by professional footballers the nutritional status of footballers in the club, the physical activity level of footballers, the average energy expenditure of the footballers and then whether pro fessional footballers meet their energy requirement. 3. 1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AREA 3. 1. 1Location and Size Tamale metropolis is one of the eighteen districts of the northern region of Ghana. Tamale, the administrative capital of the region is located at the center of the region.The metropolis shares common boundaries with Savelugu/Nanton district on the north, and Tolon/Kumbungu district on the northwest. Also, it is bordered west and central Gonja districts on the south and east Gonja and Yendi districts on the east. The metropolis occupies a landmass with approximately 922 square kilometers, which is about 13 percent of the total land area of the region (Regional Coordinating Council, RCC, 2010). 3. 1. 2Vegetation and Climate The vegetation of the metropolis is that of a typical guinea savanna partition with tall trees such as neem, shea and kapok, interspersed with grasses.During the rainy season, the vegetation becomes luxuriant, providing green scenery. The teetotal seaso n is however, characterized by run dry grasses with the trees shedding off their leaves as well as an exposed environment to bushfires. As a result of its location in the savanna belt, the metropolis experiences only one rainy season which begins in April/May, attains its peak in July/August and ends in September/October, and a long dry season from November to March. The mean yearbook rainfall and dry sunshine stands at 1100mm and 7. 5hours respectively.On the average, the metropolis experiences only 95days of intense rainfall. Also, the average maximum and borderline ranges are relatively 33C -39C and 20C -22C (Ghana Meteorological Services, 2010). 3. 1. 3Demographic Characteristics Tamale metropolis has a population of about 350,000 inhabitants which constitutes about 20% of the total population of the region (Ghana Statistical Services, 2008). The metropolis is heterogeneous and encompasses diverse ethnic groups that are the Dagombas, Gonjas, Mamprusi and Akans among others wi th the dagombas constituting about 80% of the population.Moslems are the predominant religious group followed by Christians. The most important festivals of the people of the metropolis are damba and yam festivals. However, other festivals including Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul Adha, which are Muslim festivals, are celebrated in the area. 3. 1. 4Socio-Economic Characteristics Farming is the major occupation of the people of Tamale. They cultivate rice, maize, guinea corn, cowpea, groundnuts, soybeans, yam and cassava. They also rear animals including sheep, goats, guinea fowls and cattle.However, the crops and animals are mostly produced by peri-urban and rural dwellers. Other economic ventures include groundnut oil extraction and trading by women mostly on small scale. Men are often seen to engage in smock weaving, tailoring, automobile repairs, carpentry and butchery. The increasing levels of educational attainments have contributed to the number of civil servants including teachers, n urses and security personnel among others in the area. 3. 1. 5Foods Consumed A variety of foods are consumed by the people of Tamale and its environs.At home, tuo-zaafi (TZ), a staple food of the Dagombas, which is ready from maize, is consumed by most people. In general, TZ is consumed with a vegetable-based soup especially dry Okro. In the urban and peri-urban communities, TZ is usually the meal taken at supper, whilst a maize-based porridge or tea is taken as breakfast. In the metropolis, lunch is hardly prepared at home, hence the people choose from a variety of street foods available. Thus, the people in the urban Tamale consume a lot of street foods including deep-fried yam, rice and beans among others. . 2THE STUDY AREA 3. 2. 1HISTORY OF RTU Real Tamale United, often called as R. T. U. , is a Ghanaian football club based in Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana. They are a member of the Ghanaian Globacom premier league. Their home stadium is the Tamale Sports Stadium. The c lub was founded in 1976 by the first chairman Alhaji Adam. The club has 36 players certainly, of which 25 were used in this study. With the operational definition of a professional football team and player, RTU was the only team that met the criteria for selection in the Tamale metropolis.The club has only won the Ghana Telecom Gala once in 1997/98 season with three appearances in CAF competitions in 1992, 1996 and 1998 of which they were eliminated in the first round. Recently, the club battled for survival in the Ghanaian Globacom Premiership for two years running. 3. 3THE STUDY POPULATION AND SAMPLE SELECTION The population for this study will be male professional footballers in the club. The operational definition of a professional footballer in the context of this study will be an individual who plays elite or first division club football.Football players in the Real Tamale United Football Club, in the Tamale metropolis of the Northern Region, were sampled purposively and used as the representative sample for this study on the basis that the club is based in Ghana, a country well known for its interest in football development the club participates in the countrys first division known as the premiership which means all players in the club play at the top level of football in the country and finally located in the Northern Region of the country an area where poverty and illiteracy rates are high which has influences in areas of sports nutrition and performance. . 3. 1SELECTION CRITERIA Thirty fin members of the Real Tamale United football squad aged 17-30years were recruited for the study. Only 25 subjects met the requirements of being void of disorder and injury carried out during a two day fitness test in the presence of the team physiotherapist. All measurements and data were done at a time when the premier league was ongoing with players playing week in week out matches. 3. 4BODY MASS INDEX its Calculation Body mass index is based on a weight-to-hei ght ratio that indicates the energy reserves of an individual.BMI is a ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of the height in meters. Heights and weights are therefore the indicators for calculating the BMI of an individual. BMI is the current method for calculating a healthy body weight and is based on the study of a wide variety of people from many countries. The FAO/WHO/UNU (2004) established reference values for comparing the BMI of active individuals. Mathematically BMI = WEIGHT (Kg) / height (M? ). The unit of BMI is thus, kgm. 3. 5BASAL METABOLIC RATES its CalculationIt is the minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body alive and is the largest component of an average persons daily energy expenditure. The BMR is usually expressed simply as kilocalories per day or in units of energy per unit surface area (or per kilogram body mass) per unit time. It is very difficult to determine the absolute minimum metabolic rate, but estimates are usually standardized by being mak e when a person is resting quietly after at least 8 hours sleep and 12 hours since the last meal.In this study, BMR of subjects was estimated using the Harris-Benedict equation which takes into consideration parameters such as age, height and weight of the individual. Mathematically BMR (MEN) = 66 + (13. 7 X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) (6. 8 X age in years). The unit of BMR is therefore kcal/day. 3. 6DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE material activity levels of individuals are estimated from daily activities undertaken, taking into consideration its intensity and duration.According to Ainsworth et al (2004), these daily activities are represented as values known as physical activity ratios (PAR values). Considering the intensity and duration of the activity taken with respect to the PAR values, an estimate of the physical activity level (PAL) is determined (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). The PAL values are categorized as light, moderate and heavy activity (FAO/W HO/UNU, 2004) and when multiplied by the BMR of the individual, an estimation of energy expenditure is determined. Mathematically PAL = ? (PAR ? DURATION OF ACTIVITY) ? (TIME SPENT IN EACH ACTIVITY) ENERGY EXPENDITURE = PAL ?BMR The unit of energy expenditure is thus, kcal/day or KJ. 3. 7DATA COLLECTION AND INSTRUMENTATION 3. 7. 1Questionnaire The major putz for collecting the data was semi-structured questionnaire administered to soccer players through self-reporting. The questionnaire was designed to collect quantitative data, but some qualitative data was also gathered as well. The questionnaire was in three forms, namely, the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire which also had sections for anthropometric records, the food dairy farm and the physical activity dairy (Appendix I, II and III). 3. 7. 2AnthropometryAnthropometry was one of the techniques employed in the data collection and was based on the measurement of only the height and weight of the respondents. The anthro pometry was made an underlying part of the questionnaire and efforts were made to ensure that these parameters were measured to make the questionnaire completely filled. The procedures employed in carrying out the measurements are elaborated in the sections below. These procedures are based on the FAO/WHO/UNU technical report standards for the measurement of weight and height of physically active individuals. Weight measurementThe subjects were weighed using an electronic bathroom scale with an accuracy of 0. 1kg, before morn training. The subjects wore light clothes as much as possible and on bare foot before weighing took place. severally subject to be weighed was made to stand upright and in a relaxed manner on the scale with the eyes looking horizontally to the feet and the hand by the sides. The weight was then read and immediately recorded. Height Measurement Heights of the respondents were measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer. Prior to the measurement, it was ensured that the subjects wore neither ootwear, boots nor socks. Each subject to be measured was made to stand upright and erect against the wall, with the heels, buttocks and the upper ass touching the wall, the feet close together and the eyes looking straight. A ruler was then placed on the crown of the head towards the stadio measurements and the reading immediately recorded to the nearest 1. 0cm. 3. 7. 3Food intake Subjects were educated and given oral and written instructions (Appendix IV) on the procedures involved in save food intake in a food intake dairy on a free non-training day.A food intake dairy (Appendix II) was given to each of the participants to be filled according to their daily dietary intake taking into consideration meals, portion sizes, food type and quantity for seven straightforward days ((Bingham, 2000 Tilgner and Schiller, 1991). Dairies were checked in every two days to ensure right recording and correction in any case of wrong recording or difficulty in re cording. All dairies were collected after seven days. Samples of estimated portion sizes of foods were acquired and weighed using a kitchen weighing scale and recorded to the nearest 0. g. The nutrient composition of the meals was calculated using the FAO food composition table for Africa and reported as a mean of 4 days food intake. This data was used to assess nutrient consumption. To assess adequacy in nutrient intake, the results obtained were compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU RDA for physically active adults (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). 3. 7. 4Physical Activity mannikin Subjects were educated and given verbal and written instructions (Appendix IV) on the procedures involved in recording, as expatiate as possible, information on their daily activity patterns.A physical activity or training dairy (Appendix III) was given to each subject to be filled under sections of activity type and its duration in minutes for seven consecutive days. Dairies were checked in every two days to ensure corre ct recording and correction in any case of wrong recording or difficulty in recording. Training sessions were constantly monitored and subjects where individually questioned in cases were irregularities in recording were encountered. Their activities were classified broadly into three categories light, moderate and heavy. A 7-days activity record was compiled for each subject on imilar days when food intake was measured. The activity data were reported as a mean of 4 days activity records. This data was used to compute energy expenditure and nutrient requirement for each subject. 3. 7. 5Observation Several observations were made at the training fields, at summer camp bases and in homes of the subjects. These dwelled in the kinds of foods consumed and activities undertaken, the places of meal consumption and purchasing. Also, the components of training regimes were notice and recorded. 3. 7. 6Focus-Group Discussion Focus-group discussions were held with subjects on free and camping days.Each discussion group was made up of between eight and twelve individuals with a facilitator and a recorder. The FDGs were meant to reveal certain issues that were not captured by the questionnaire and to confirm the answers provided in the semi-structured questionnaire including the factors that influence certain behaviours of subjects with respect to dietary habits and physical activity. 3. 8THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTS The study seeks to assess the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers of Real Tamale United FC in the Tamale metropolis.This is achieved through the assessment of usual food intake and physical activity and the computation of BMI and BMR and the determination of daily energy expenditure. These have being reported as relevant measurement of an athletes nutritional status. The first and second objectives of which respectively seek to assess the dietary patterns and food habits and macronutrient consumption are achi eved through reported nutrition questionnaires and recorded food consumption for seven consecutive days using the food dairy.The third objective, which seeks to assess the nutritional status of professional soccer players using BMI, was achieved through the measurement of height and weight of the footballers. The fourth and fifth objective, which seeks to determine the physical activity level and average energy expenditure of footballers was achieved through self-reported physical activity dairy for seven consecutive days computed using physical activity ratio with time duration (to attain physical activity levels) and physical activity levels in multiples of their BMRs (to attain energy expenditure).The sixth and final objective, which seeks to determine whether professional footballers meet their energy requirements was achieved through a self-reported food record dairy for seven consecutive days with nutrient contents of foods consumed computed using the FAO food composition tabl e for Africa. 3. 9STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were analyzed using the EpiInfo version 3. 2. 1 and Microsoft Excel computer programme. Results are presented as mean SD, range, graphs, figures and tables. Anthropometric data from players was alter into BMI to assess their nutritional status and BMR to assess physical activity levels.Dietary and physical activity data from players was transformed into nutrient requirements, physical activity levels and energy expenditure respectively to assess the level of malnutrition. 3. 10ASSUMPTIONS The most obvious assumption is that the sample represents the population. Also, it is believed that all instruments have validity and measure the required value. We assume that participants will not modify their habitual diet patterns and food habits during the course of the study week. Finally, we assume that respondents will answer in truth all questionnaires and report truthfully in both the food and activity dairies. CHAPTER FOUR (4) . 0RESULTS The physical characteristics of the twenty five (25) subjects are shown in Table 4. 1. Out of the 25 subjects studied, only one weighed less than 60kg while the range indicated (57 and 87kg) were the two extreme body weights recorded in this study. Their body mass index (kg/m? ) ranged from 19. 38 to 30. 3 kg/m? out of the 25 subjects studied, only two were over the 190cm (1. 9m) while the range indicated (1. 52 and 1. 95m) were the extreme heights recorded in the study. Table 4. 1 Physical characteristics of subjects ParametersMeans (25)SDRange Age (yrs. )23. 684. 2417-30 Weight (kg)70. 647. 657-87 Height (m)1. 69. 41. 52-1. 95 BMI (kg/m? )23. 082. 719. 38-30. 3 4. 1Dietary Patterns and Habits 4. 1. 1Favourite Food Choices of Subjects The general meal patterns were obtained through self-reported food dairies. Porridges and beverages took the highest frequency of consumption in terms of its 7day presence in diets and its frequency among subjects. Records for breakfast shows that baby porridge made from corn, millet or rice, beans and groundnuts (tom brown) is mostly consumed by all subjects (100%). Fufu was the least consumed diet within the 7day period (2days) with Tuo Zaafi recording the least number of subject patronages (7subjects).The results of the common foods taken, their frequencies in the diet and meal times are shown in table 4. 2. TABLE 4. 2 Common foods eaten by players SOURCES OF MACRONUTRIENTS (FOODS)FREQUENCY IN DIET (7DAYS) FREQUENCY OF SUBJECTSEATING MOMENTS Plain rice/jollof rice5days20Lunch and dinner party party Kenkey (Ga and Fante)3days15Lunch Tuo Zaafi4days7Dinner Banku5days18Lunch and dinner Fried rice and chicken 4days22Lunch and dinner Soups (groundnut, palm nut, light, Okro)3days20Lunch and dinner Porridges (baby, hausa, tom brown)7days25Breakfast Meat and Beef7days21Lunch and dinner Fufu2days11Lunch and dinnerYam (boiled and fried)4days14Lunch and dinner Rice and beans (waakye)5days16Lunch Egg (fried and boiled)3days20Breakfast and lunch beverages (tea, oats, fruit drinks)7days22Breakfast and as a snack fish (fried)3days17Lunch and dinner 4. 1. 2Eating moments An assessment of the usual food pattern revealed that 90. 7% of the players took at least three meals a day. just about meal times skipped were breakfast and lunch, that is, 57. 14% and 28. 57% respectively. Table 4. 3 The eating moments of players in terms of meals skipped Meal TimeFrequencyPercentage BREAKFAST457. 14 LUNCH228. 57 SUPPER114 TOTAL7100 4. 1. Reasons for players food choices The reasons for the choice of foods by the subjects among others included convenience, lack of money, inability to cook, general sports reasons and food availability. The results indicated (as shown in figure 1) that, 10 of the players made food choices based on sports reasons. Figure 1The reasons for food choices of players 4. 1. 4General Food Habits of Players (Sports Nutrition) From the results obtained from the questionnaire on general sports nutrition, 60% of the players consume fried rice and chicken before a competitive match with 40% consuming plain rice and stew.Players gave various reasons such as its mild and fast digestion, it not been too heavy, it been recommended by coaches and it been the only available food given at the camp base. 68% of players consumed these foods 3-4hrs before a match with 24% and 8% consuming theirs at 4 or more hours and 2-3hrs respectively. Most of the players gave similar reasons for eating at these times as giving the food ample time to digest. 92% of the players take fluids such as bottled water, glucose solution and energy drinks during a match. 88% of the players take 1-3 of 300ml fluid whiles 12% take 4-7 of 300ml of fluid.Snacks consumed before and during a match included energy drinks, glucose mixtures, soft drinks, savouries among others. Most snacks were taken 2hours before a match. 56% of the players take nutrition supplements such as multivitamin capsules, iron and zinc capsules and blood toni cs. Reasons such as increasing energy levels, boosting appetite and to aid in the bodys fast recovery were given. 64. 29% of the players take these supplements all the time and they get these supplements from the pharmacy shops. 96% of the players buy roadside foods such as fried rice, tuo zaafi and fufu and soup. 2% of the players eat once a while at the restaurant with 44% and 4% eating at times and all the time at the restaurant respectively. 80% of players eat home prepared meals. 4. 2NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PLAYERS BMI CATEGORIES (kg/m? )FREQUENCYPERCENTAGES (%)INTERPRETATION 0. 05), suggesting average energy balance was achieved. The mean intakes of the energy producing macronutrients were 37. 18%, 43. 23% and 19. 6% for carbohydrate, fat and protein respectively. When reported as a percentage of total calories, carbohydrate and protein intakes were significantly lower and higher (p 0. 05) respectively of the recommended levels.Fat intake was significantly higher (p 0. 05) tha n the higher value in the recommended range (35%). When macronutrient intake is expressed in g/kg/day (Table 4. 6), carbohydrate and protein intakes fell below and above their recommended ranges. The table below shows the mean energy and macronutrient intake of players. MealsMean of IntakesPercentagesSDRange supply energy intakes (KJ/day) Breakfast763. 2927. 42178. 09256-1019. 4 Lunch1015. 2136. 47227. 22680. 9-1723. 3 Dinner1004. 9836. 12286. 07528-1637 primitive2783. 48100451. 551985. 6-4105. 5 Total energy intake in proteins (KJ/day) Breakfast349. 7564. 1294. 97106. 3-437. 2Lunch89. 8816. 4837. 9930. 8-183. 0 Dinner105. 8519. 461. 5134. 9-253. 4 Total (%TEI)545. 49100 (19. 6)130. 81297-783. 9 Total energy intake in carbohydrates (KJ/day) Breakfast282. 427. 2974. 46116. 7-438. 7 Lunch360. 3234. 8283. 9265. 5-642. 3 Dinner392. 0937. 89129. 15172. 1-790 Total (%TEI)1034. 79100(37. 18)168. 79768. 1-1507. 3 Total energy intake in fats (KJ/day) Breakfast111. 189. 2459. 9433. 2-280. 5 Lunch595. 7349. 5309. 55296-1793. 7 Dinner496. 2941. 25150. 02206. 1-838. 4 Total (%TEI)1203. 20100 (43. 23)373. 25756. 8-2587. 5 TABLE 4. 6The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake of players in terms of meal times.Energy intake from the table above indicates some higher levels of consumption at lunch times over dinner times at 1015. 21kcal/day (36. 47%) and 1004. 98kcal/day (36. 12%) respectively. Energy intakes range from 1985. 6-4105. 5kcal/day. Macronutrient intakes were slightly distributed across all meal times. Table 4. 7The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake of players in comparison with FAO/WHO/UNU 2004 reference values. IntakesMeans (kcal/dayPercentageskcal/kg/dayg/kg/dayReference g/kg/day (%range) Energy (TDEI)2783. 43-39. 4-3500-4300 kcal/day Carbohydrate1034. 7937. 1814. 653. 7-12 (45-65) Protein545. 4919. 67. 721. 91. 2-1. 7 (10-35) Fat1203. 243. 2317. 031. 9- (20-35) TDEE3932. 55-55. 67 TDEI2783. 45-39. 4 TDEE-TDEI1149. 1-16. 27 4. 4. 2Difference in ene rgy intake and expenditure According to data gotten from both the food and physical activity dairy, the mean energy deficit is 1134kcal/day (16. 1kcal/kg/day). Energy intake was slightly higher than expenditure at chief 7, 11 and 20 representing 141. 76kcal/day, 1045. 7kcal/day and 447kcal/day in extra energy respectively. Figure 3 shows the graphical illustration of energy intake as against expenditure.Figure 3Energy intake and expenditure of players CHAPTER FIVE (5) 5. 0DISCUSSION 5. 1DIETARY PATTERNS AND FOOD HABITS The dietary changes observed among these players are consistent with the findings of Rodriguez (2009) on changes in dietary habits as to a high protein intake of players in particular. R. Maughan (2000) suggested that football players tend to consume high intakes of protein with the belief of increasing muscle mass. This was not different with the current study as players consumed high levels of protein based foods due to its easy access and availability within the s tudy area.The players also had habits of consuming foods high in fat leading to its contribution of 43. 23% to total energy intake, as these levels of fat proportion may be detrimental to health (Martin et al, 2006). Cost, availability and convenience were challenges and these made them adapt to the habit of patronizing wayside foods (96%). It is, therefore, not surprising that majority ate fried rice and chicken, tuo zaafi and fufu and soup. Although breakfast is an important meal of the day, quite a significant number of players in this study skipped it.Skipping breakfast may also lead to over eating during the rest of the day. Most of the foods consumed were from staples but these resulted in very low carbohydrate intakes (1034. 79 168. 8 kcal/day). These may be as a result of the poor nutrient content of the foods as a result of poor cooking habits as foods eaten are prepared by food vendors (C. Nti, 2009). Meals consumed before a match was plain rice and tomato stew which may have negative effect on performance, with respect to the tomato stew which is high in fat, and this may hinder the fast release of energy to the body for endurance activities.The over reliance on wayside food and players left to fend for themselves with no amount of supervision may be detrimental to health and nutritional status. Most of these way side foods have very high levels of fat and this may account for the high amount of fat in diets. The eating behaviour of the players might have been influenced by other factors including food availability, convenience and personal income level, as these obviously determine an individuals food choice and habit. Thus one cannot eat foods if they are not available, cannot be prepared or cannot be afforded. . 2MACRONUTRIENTS Carbohydrate is the primary fuel substrate during soccer, and consequently high dietary intakes of 45-65% of total calorific intake have been recommended for athletes (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al, 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002) and footballers (Burke et al, 2004 IOM, 2002). In this study, carbohydrate intake was significantly lower than these recommendations (37. 18 6. 1%, p 0. 05). When expressed relative to body mass (weight), the daily carbohydrate intake of 3. g/kg/day was way below the recommended 7-12g/kg/day for very active individuals (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). The current data provide further evidence to the commonly observed low carbohydrate intakes that are insufficient for adequate glycogen replacement in male athletes (R. Maughan, 2000). Dietary recommendations for promoting maximal glycogen replacement and for the maintenance of muscle glycogen levels are to consume a high carbohydrate diet, 45-60% (IOM, 2002) and a daily intake of 7-12g/kg/day (Bangsbo et al, 2006).Based upon these recommendations, players in the current study reported carbohydrate intakes that are likely to be inadequate to replace muscle and liver glycogen stores which rapidly deplete during repeated bouts of high intensity ex ercise performed during training and competition (Bangsbo et al, 2006). Ultimately, both the quality of training and match perform