Eatright

CHAPTER ONE (1) 1. 0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1. 1INTRODUCTION The game of football of which Ameri abides call soccer, has engulfed the arna constituent as a compresseds of entertainment for its audiences, profession for those who play the game, business for those who invest in it and eventually as a unifying tool for peacemakers. All these sport been as a issuance of the fruit of football in these past years. The game of football has gr avouch faster than any separate variation in history, doubling in its moment of viewers e rattling cardinal to common chord years (FIFA/F-MARC, 2006).The maturation importance and popularity precondition to football as a gaming has resulted in enormous searches to determine regimenetical inhalants germane(predicate) for individuals beneathtaking such sport and keepal influences on soccer per figance (Kirkendall et al, 1993). Notwithstanding , the reserve of seriousness given to the dietetic intakes of players and nutritional in fluences of aliments interpreted, is lower in explaining countries than in the congenital ones although virtually cheeks of football development has been launched in some(prenominal) of these developing countries.Besides this, a developing unsophisticated whitethorn be rated amongst the third world countries of the world, the Republic of Ghana has found itself swooped along with this pandemic that is virtually ruling the world to mean solar cardinal-four hours. In this case we stick out cite the case of Egypt, that in the last years throw off shown a real high growth in football achievements, and the case of Ghana, that has al picturey r individuallyed a ripe take get hold of of development of the game with find to achieving laurels.In the last two decades, this sport has gained tremendous attention by sports scientists (Chryssanthopoulos et al, 2009). The fire performance of a football player is as a result of the combination of talent, appropriate discipline and good nutrition. The latter of which has an effect on the preceding two (talent and appropriate discipline) has being the aspect neglected by partnerships and even players in particular.The dietetic pattern and food habits of football players determines their nutritional status, as in tireing more, less or just as recommended, eating appropriate or junk foods and as to whether nutritives consumed from food fill gaps created by mechanisms resulting in postcode spending. The game is characterized by periods of low to delay oxidative exercise interrupted by frequent activities of short period and high intensity, such as sprinting, jumping, and tackling.It is taken for granted(predicate) that such an thrust-demanding sport requires proper dietetic programmes that get out restore or even super-compensate personate thrust stores and enhance the action at law pattern of players during didactics and competition (Martin et al, 2006). The zip fastener wants for an ind ividual varies according to their age, charge up and the forcible activities they perform during the daytime. Healthy manlike individuals present an average null demand of 2900 kcalday-1 (National Research Council, 1996) however, a master key soccer players heftiness demand oscillates from 3500 to 4300 kcal/day (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al. 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002 Rico-Sanz, 1998). It should be ac bopledged that these values for soccer players divert, and muscle needs ar met if the dietetical pattern and food habits of a player provides the recommended requirements coupled with the appropriate physical exercise as life force expenditure faces on the frequency and intensity of raising sessions, exercises and jibees which can uphold the nutritional status of an individual (Clark et al, 2003). 1. 2PROBLEM STATEMENTMany investigateers save studied the dietary habits of soccer players in an attempt to raise whether the reported diets fulfill dietary recommendations. Th e vast adoptity of these studies have examined players at especially Europe and a few times at the southern Americas. A striking bite of players, however, compete at the African function which is usually a pool from which foreign captain bludgeons in places like France, England, Italy and Germany choose their members to form their squads.Requirement specifications in these studies atomic number 18 difficult to apply to participants in this part of the world as they differ in monetary value of the geo graphic field, climatic and support condition, morphological and physiological features, social setting, avail up to(p) foods altering patterns and habits-to identify a few (Lemon,1994). Few studies have examined the dietary habits of lower level soccer players. Furthermore, an another(prenominal) aspect of particular importance that has not received a lot attention is the diet of soccer players during the game day and especially the pre-competition meal and the food the y consume during after-game recovery.A proper pre-game meal will facilitate be faculty stores out front competition by helping to twinge up brawn and liver animal starch stores, something that whitethorn enable players to cover owing(p)er distances in the field and at higher(prenominal) speeds than they would with suboptimal glycogen levels (Chryssanthopoulos et al, 2009). Also, optimal dietary intake in the hours after the game will ensure rapid recovery (Burke et al, 2003). All dynamic police squads at the 2006 world cup had a nutritionist/dietician in their technical setup (FIFA/F-MARC, 2006).Also 19 out of 20 premiere league teams in England have a nutritionist/dietician in their setup (Article- circular performance, 2005). On the contrary, the growing importance given to nutrition in football has not really gained grounds in Africa as out of the 8 teams that participated in the just ended CAF champions league, only 2 teams had a nutritionist (CCL report, 2009). In Ghan a, research has shown that only two teams out of 16 in the selected division have a nutritionist (Ghanafa. com, 15/01/10).In this case, players argon left unguided to develop dietary patterns and food habits that might not be beneficial with respect to their chosen profession. 1. 3PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this look at is to treasure the dietary patterns, food habits and ability expenditure of maestro footballers in actual Tamale United football Club in Tamale Metropolis. 1. 4JUSTIFICATION With the growing interest in football in Sub Saharan Africa, specifically Ghana, there is the need for researches into the nutritional needs of it participants. near information on dietary patterns, food habits, brawn demands, development and conditioning strategies argon extrapolated from researches on individuals out of this part of the world especially Europe and the Americas. This research will review article the nutrition needs, push expenditure, dietary patterns and habits o f Ghanaian professional footballers and to identify what is not known to advert as a baseline data to encourage research in these populations. It will too arrive at the demands of a professional footballer in conditions here in Africa, specifically Ghana and likewise what influences these demands. . 5RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. 5. 1GENERAL OBJECTIVES The research aims at assessing the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers in the Real Tamale United football Club which is in the Tamale urban center. 1. 5. 2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ?To assess the circumstanceors that influence dietary pattern and food habit of footballers. ?To assess the guinea pigface of foods (macronutrients) commonly consumed by professional footballers. ?To assess the nutritional status of footballers in the club. ?To determine the physical natural process level of footballers. To determine average energy expenditure of the footballers. ?To determine whether professional foo tballers figure their energy requirement. CHAPTER both (2) 2. 0LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this literature review is to summarize available research that is related to the concept of the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers and the evaluation of its relevance and effects on nutritional status. The review complicates sections devoted to various existing researches on dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers.A atomic number 16 section will take snap shots into sports nutrition, oddly in football (soccer), and a brief comment of requirement specifications of dietary intakes for professional footballers. 2. 1 SOME EXISTING RESEARCHES ON DIETARY INTAKES AND ENERGY utilization of goods and services OF PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALLERS There are quite a number of researches on the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers in the knowledges area. Some are still bei ng developed, and yet some are under considerations which are likely to possess some amount of knowledge as the game gains popularity and participation.Whatever be the case, one particular type of research might not contain just too much information or knowledge a professional footballer needs. The opposite is true, as knowledge in the sport does not necessarily trigger appropriate dietary patterns and food habits. As such, it is necessary to know the requirement specifications of participants and compare them to available accepted research publication requirement specifications for a professional footballer in order to make the take up extract.The requirement specifications might take into consideration, the geographical location, climatic and weather conditions, morphological and physiological features, social setting, available foods-just to mention a few. There is no doubt that the type, amount, story, and quantify of food intake can dramatically affect exercise performance , recovery from exercise, be angle and composition, and salutaryness (Burke et al, 2003). Good nutritional practice is essential to athletic success by improving the character of breeding, increase performance and speeding recovery time.Soccer is described as a high intensity intermittent sport involving continual changes in action (Hargreaves, 1994). When exercise or physical work increase to more than 1 hour per day, the importance of tolerable energy and nutrient intakes becomes more critical (Manore, 2004). The dietary patterns and food habits developed by individuals involved in such energy demanding sport determines their nutrient intake, coupled with demands of physical performance, have a collective influence on performance and nutritional status (Clark et al, 2003). 2. 2DIETARY PATTERNS AND FOOD HABITS OF FOOTBALLERSAll humans eat to survive. They alike eat to express appreciation, for a sense of belonging, as part of family customs, for self-realization and due t o their tune and profession. For ex gigantic, someone who is not hungry may eat a piece of cake that has been baked in his or her honour. People eat according tolearned behaviorsregarding etiquette, meal and snack patterns, accep disconcert foods, food combinations, and authority sizes. Individuals develop some kind of behaviors as a result of what goes on around them and they maintain these immature behaviors as the best suitable for them (Bandura, 1997).The social cognitive theory explains how people acquire and maintain authoritative behavioural patterns, slice also providing the basis for intervention strategies (Bandura, 1997). The more a person is exposed to a food and encouraged to eat it, the greater the chances that the food will be accepted (C. Nti, 2009). As the pictorial matter to a food increases, the person becomes more familiar and less fearful of the food, and acceptance may develop (C. Nti, 2009). Some persons only eat specific foods and flavour combinations , firearm others like trying different foods and flavors (Rodriguez, 2009). . 2. 1 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PATTERNS OF FOOD HABITS To live one must eat. But, we notonly eat to live, what we eat also affects our ability to keep wellnessy, do work, to be happy and to live well. Knowledge of what to eat and in what quantities is a prerequisite to the powerful and happy life (Rodriguez, 2009). The average nutritional requirements of classs of people are fixed and depend on such measurable characteristics such as age, sex, vertex, cant, and degree of occupation and rate of growth (Martin et al, 2006).Good nutrition requires a satisfactory diet, which is capable of supporting the individual consuming it, in a state of good health by providing the desired nutrients in required amounts. It must provide the right amount of burn down to execute chemical manifestation physical natural action. If the entirety amount of nutrients provided in the diet is insufficient, a state of under nutrition will develop. What and how people eat is determined by a configuration of factors, including economic circumstances, pagan norms, and religious restrictions(Judith C. Rodriguez, 2009).Some factors influencing food choices include preferences, ethnicity, values, habits, accessibility, health and nutrition. Dietary patterns, which are affected by a number of reasons, some of which are enumerated above, determine the nutritional and health status of people (Krause and Mahan, 1984). Regardless of the factors influencing dietary patterns, adequate food intake is essential as nutritional well-being plays an important role in health promotion and maintenance. Diet may influence the risk of developing certain chronic diseases and plays a role in preventing morbidity and mortality.Eating habits are thus the result of both external factors, such as politics, and inbred factors, such as values. These habits are formed, and may change, over a persons lifetime. There is little rese arch on the dietary patterns and food habits of soccer players, this notwithstanding, studying intakes gives some amount of information on their diet patterns. lord footballers develop a habit of reducing the intake of simoleonss and round outs and increasing intake of proteins and vitamins with the knowledge of preventing increases in weight (Manore, 2000). This is not the case as R. J.Maughan (2000) recommended increased intake of moolah in particular looking at the nature of the sports which is energy demanding. He did this after studying the macronutrient intakes of two elite teams in Scotland. Individuals have some sort of perceptions that go with the kind of profession they choose and football players are not left out. The fact that one is a professional footballer could alter the dietary pattern and food habit of that person. Also, availability of food (the individuals env conjurement) influences the arena of food choices he or she can make. 2. 3ENERGY AND NUTRIENT REQUI REMENTS OF progressive INDIVIDUALSMeeting energy needs is the initiative nutritional precedingity for athletes and one of the most frequently asked questions is How much should I eat to stay fit and healthy? A healthy diet contains the right pro offices of bread, expand, protein, vitamins and minerals (Maughan, 2000). breads and fats are the major solutions of energy although energy can be obtained from protein. Active individuals need more energy ( small calories) each day than their sedentary counterparts-assuming individuals are of the same age, personate size and participate in similar non-physically hot(p) nonchalant activities (Manore, 2000).Exercise requires energy to give notice and repair the muscles, thus, meeting ones energy needs to maintain dust weight should be a priority for any athlete or restless individual (Clark et al, 2003). sinew agreement is achieved when the energy consumed (sum of energy from food, supplements and fluids) equals energy expend iture (sum of all the energy expended by the body in movement or to maintain body functions) (Swinburn and Ravussin, 1993). Knowing whether one is in energy balance is simplistic weight is maintained.If energy intake does not cover the costs of energy expenditure, then weight and muscle raft are incapacitated, and the ability to perform strenuous exercise typically declines (Black et al, 2000). When energy intake is restricted, fat and muscle volume will be utilized for energy to fuel the body, and the loss of muscle plentitude will result in the loss of strength and endurance. Additionally, chronically low energy intake usually results in unforesightful nutrient intakes, including scratch, protein, vitamins and minerals.Exactly how much energy an bustling individual needs each day will depend on a number of factors, including age, gender, body size, level and intensity of physical employment and activities of daily living. The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institut e of Medicine (IOM) in 2002 reviewed the energy needs of active and very active individuals and provided some global recommendations found on age and body size. In usual, the offset goal of an active individual is to maintain adequate energy intake to ensure that a healthy body weight is maintained.Although this seems like a simple task, there are many active individuals who honor this difficult to do. For these individuals, a dietary plan that assures meals and snacks are not skipped will improve energy intake and help maintain weight (Manore, 2000). Finally, energy needs typically decrease with age, so even if employment levels do not change, the amount of energy required to maintain body weight will decrease. For this reason, body weight typically increases with age, even if activity levels remain constant (Black et al, 2000). 2. 4MACRONUTRIENT CONSUMPTIONCarbohydrate, protein and fat are important nutrients for active individuals, but the amounts of these macronutrients u ndeniable will depend on an individuals physical activity, its intensity, duration and frequency, the type of exercise engaged in, and their health, body size, age and gender (Maughan, 2000). Macronutrient recommendations for those engaged in daily physical activity are given on a lower floor and in add-in 2. 1. Table 2. 1 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients and recommendations for active individuals Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients and recommendations for active individualsNutrientNew Guidelines-2002Old Guidelines-1989Guidelines for Active Individuals Carbohydrate45-65% of total energy? 50% of total energyThe amount of boodle required for go intensity exercise is 5-7 g/kg body weight 7-12 g/kg body weight for high intensity endurance activities Protein10-35% of total energy, 0. 8 g/kg of bodyweight10-15% of total energy, 0. 8 g/kg of body weightProtein requirements are typically higher in active individuals. Recommendations run for from 1. 2-1 . 7 g of protein/kg body weight. This level of protein typically represents 15% of total energy.Fat20-35% of total energy? 30% of total energyFat intakes between 20-35%. Carbohydrate and protein needs should be met first. IOM, 2002. FNB, 1989. Burke et al, 2004 Tipton and Wolfe, 2004. 2. 4. 1Carbohydrate needs The mix of fuel (protein, fat, carbohydrate) burned during physical activity depends primarily on the intensity and duration of the activity performed, ones level of fittingness, and prior nutritional status. All other conditions being equal, as exercise intensity increases the use of carbohydrate for energy will also increase (Brooks & Mercier, 1994 Brooks & Trimmer, 1995).The duration of exercise also changes substrates use. As duration of exercise increases (e. g. , from 60 to 120 min), muscle glycogen becomes depleted, causing the body to draw on circulating blood glucose as a source of carbohydrate (Clark et al, 2003). If blood glucose cannot be maintained deep down phy siological range during exercise, the ability to perform intensity exercise will decrease (Coyle et al. , 1986). Fat can be utilise as a source of energy over a wide range of exercise intensities however, the proportion of energy contributed by fat decreases as exercise intensity increases.In these circumstances, carbohydrate becomes the preponderant fuel source firearm the contribution from fat decreases (Bergman et al. , 1999). Protein can also be utilise for energy at rest and during exercise however, in well-fed individuals it probably provides 4. 0 and TEE of 33 MJ/d in a bicycle race and a polar exploration. The maximum for a sustainable expression of life may be that equal by soldiers on active service, with a mean chum salmon of 2. 4 and TEE of 18 MJ/d (Black et al, 2002). Among athletes in training, mean pal ups is 2-3. 5, with TEE ranging from 11 to 18 MJ/d in women, and from 15 to 30 MJ/d in men (UNU, 2004).PALs greater than 2. 4 were obtained in periods of exact ing training, which is unlikely to be a sustained lifestyle. The lower values for PAL, 2. 0-2. 3, were obtained in periods of apparently routine training and may well be sustained for extended periods of time (UNU, 2004). Table 2. 4 Characteristics and energy expenditure (obtained by DLW) in different age and sex groups by UNU, 2004. board group (y)n epoch (y)Height (m)Weight (kg)BMI (kg/m2) means. d. means. d. means. d. means. d. Females 18-298924. 4(3. 7)1. 66(0. 06)69. 2(22. 3)25. 3(8. 1) 30-397633. 8(3. 0)1. 64(0. 07)67. (13. 9)25. 2(4. 9) 40-644751. 6(8. 3)1. 65(0. 07)70. 0(13. 3)25. 9(4. 6) Males 18-295622. 5(3. 5)1. 77(0. 07)75. 6(18. 4)24. 0(5. 3) 30-393634. 3(3. 3)1. 79(0. 06)86. 1(31. 4)26. 8(8. 8) 40-641550. 6(8. 8)1. 76(0. 06)77. 0(10. 0)24. 9(3. 0) TEE (MJ/d)basal metabolic rate (MJ/d)AEE (MJ/d)PAL Age group (y)nmeans. d. means. d. means. d. means. d. Females 18-298910. 4(2. 2)6. 2(1. 1)4. 2(1. 7)1. 70(0. 28) 30-397610. 0(1. 7)6. 0(0. 6)4. 1(1. 5)1. 68(0. 25) 40-64479. 8(1. 7)5. 8(0. 7)4. 0(1. 4)1. 69(0. 23) Males 18-295613. 8(3. 0)7. 5(1. 2)6. 3(2. 5)1. 85(0. 33) 30-393614. 3(3. 1)8. 2(1. 8)6. 1(2. 5)1. 77(0. 1) 40-641511. 5(1. 7)7. 0(0. 8)4. 5(1. 3)1. 64(0. 17) The FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation (2004) suggested the average daily energy requirement of adults whose occupational work is sort as light, moderate, or heavy, expressed as a multiple of BMR, to be as follows LightModerateHeavy Men1. 551. 782. 10 Women1. 561. 641. 82 2. 7. 2Methods of determining thermic needs There are many different methods and edicts used to determine caloric maintenance level or energy expenditure by taking into forecast the factors of age, sex, stature, weight, wobble body plentitude, and activity level.Any method and formula that takes into account black market body mass (LBM) gives the most accurate last of energy expenditure, but even without LBM a reasonably close estimate can be attained. 2. 7. 3Equations based on BMR. A much more accurate method for calculate total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR) using multiple factors, including height, weight, age and sex, then procreate the BMR by an activity factor to determine TDEE (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). BMR is the total number of calories your body requires for normal bodily functions (excluding activity factors).This includes keeping your heart beating, inhaling and exhaling air, digesting food, making new blood cells, maintaining your body temperature and every other metabolic process in your body. In other words, your BMR is all the energy used for the canonic processes of life itself. BMR usually accounts for about two-thirds of total daily energy expenditure. BMR may vary dramatically from person to person depending on genetic factors. BMR is at its lowest when you are log Zsing undisturbed and you are not digesting anything.It is very important to note that the higher your lean body mass is, the higher your BMR will be (Burke et al, 2004) . This is very significant if loss of body fat is needed because it means that the more muscle you have, the more calories you will burn. Muscle is metabolically active tissue, and it requires a great deal of energy just to sustain it. It is obvious then that one way to increase BMR is to engage in weight training in order to increase and/or maintain lean body mass. In this elbow room it could be said that weight training helps you lose body fat, albeit indirectly (Clark et al, 2003). . 7. 4The Harris-Benedict formula (BMR based on total body weight) The Harris Benedict comparison is a calorie formula using the factors of height, weight, age, and sex to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR). This makes it more accurate than determining calorie needs based on total bodyweight alone. The only variable it does not take into consideration is lean body mass. Therefore, this equation will be very accurate in all but the passing muscular (will underestimate caloric needs) and the extrem ely overfat (will overestimate caloric needs). Mathematically Men BMR = 66 + (13. X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) (6. 8 X age in years) Women BMR = 655 + (9. 6 X wt in kg) + (1. 8 X ht in cm) (4. 7 X age in years) number daily energy expenditure is calculated by multiplying BMR by a multiplier (PAL). 2. 7. 5Katch-McArdle formula (BMR based on lean body weight) This formula from Katch & McArdle takes into account lean body mass (weight) and and then is more accurate than a formula based on total body weight. The Harris Benedict equation has separate formulas for men and women because men generally have a higher LBM and this is factored into the mens formula.Since the Katch-McArdle formula accounts for LBM, this hit formula applies equally to both men and women. Mathematically BMR (men and women) = 370 + (21. 6 X lean mass in kg) To determine TDEE from BMR, you simply multiply BMR by the activity multiplier the physical activity level. 2. 8SNAPSHOTS INTO GENERAL SPORTS NUTRITION AND NUTRITION IN FOOTBALL (SOCCER) In every day to day activity in life on earth, maintaining a good health within and without has being the main aim of humans in general. This is not different from that of football players, as keeping fit and compete regularly void of injuries has being the motive.Training and Diet plays a major role in this behaviour and keeping cross of the latter (diet patterns and habits) becomes cumbersome with a lot of lapses coming up every now and then. Football was, for a long time, classed as an endurance sport due largely to the fact that a football match lasted at least(prenominal) 90 minutes. As a result, the nutritional requirements of football players were extrapolated from early scientific research carried out in relation to other endurance sports such as running and cycling.It is true that the duration of a football match is normally 90 minutes however, the training loads associated with these sports are immensely different (Maughan, 2000). On clo ser inspection it becomes clear that daily energy expenditure of professional football players may not be particularly high. Football players are generally inactive when not training and training load will vary, depending on factors such as the stage of the season, or whether tactical or fitness drills predominate in training.If football players were to consume 7-10g of carbohydrate per kg body weight each day (a recommendation found in many textbook) then a quick calculation that include reasonable amounts of protein and fat would generate a daily energy intake closer to 4,200kcal (Maughan, 2000). In Scandinavia this may be closer to the truth. Once the playing season gets underway the Scandinavian subjects typically train sevensome-spot times per calendar week (Manore, 2000). So it is not surprising that energy intakes will exceed 4,000kcal in a country like Sweden (Clark et al, 2003).An athletes diet must be high in carbohydrate, moderate in protein, low in fat, include suffic ient vitamins and minerals, and plenty of fluid. This was the original model with which many football nutritionists and players used to work (Article-peak performance, 2009). Although very simple, much of it still holds today. However, understanding the game has improved nutritionists have been able to tease out strategies from each of the models sub-sections that more closely match the requirements of our sport. What is different is that science no longer holds ll the cards. Football has caught up with science and is now dictating where research efforts are directed. For, example, the glycemic ability of foods, a ranking of foods based on their immediate effect on blood glucose, has become a particularly useful tool in football. Five years ago the approach in football was to encourage a high carbohydrate, low fat diet at all times. Any food that at all met these requirements would be recommended to players in a bid to maximise muscle glycogen storage for training and competition .Now a more measured approach is employed with the glycemic index and, to a lesser extent, the insulin index utilize in a bid to control body composition as well as carbohydrate provision (Article-peak performance, 2009). Emphasis is now placed more on achieving optimum carbohydrate intake prior to matches, and during the recovery period after matches, particularly when some clubs find themselves involved in up to three games per week in the busiest part of the season. Good attitudes to reducing fat intake are now a commonplace in the modern player.Emphasis is placed on increasing intake of certain fatty acids that are found to be lacking in players diets. When performing dietary analyses of players, low intakes of essential fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA docosahexenoic acid, DHA) are consistently reported. Despite the appearance of oily fish in the canteens of football clubs, there may be a case for blanket supplementation in this particular group of sportsmen (Maughan, 2 000). There is growing essay that protein supplementation after training can advance protein synthesis and adaptation of muscle.The type, timing and amount of protein can be manipulated to enhance the adaptive response (Coyle et al, 1999). The work of researchers such as Bob Wolfe and Kevin Tipton in Texas, and microphone Rennie in Dundee (whose primary interest has been likened to preventing older people falling down) has enabled the design of strategies of protein-intake that may promote better adaptation to training. Despite the progress that has been do in our understanding of the demands of football, there is a need for continued improvement. No other sub-discipline of sports medicine comes with so many contrasting views of what is right and wrong.The Zone diet, the Atkins diet, mass supplementation, the concept of the nutritional guru all are still prevalent in the modern game. Players are go more demanding due to conversations with other players from other teams, and als o other athletes from other sports. Players from overseas bring with them their own ideas (nearly always related to vitamin intake), but very often lacking in scientific support (Article-peak performance, 2009). In addition, at present there is a fundamental mismatch in what players and practitioners view as important.Players look at in supplements, extra vitamins and minerals anything that involves increasing muscle mass, and reducing energy intake to achieve lean body composition. Scientific research, on the other hand, demonstrates that players should concentrate more on appropriate energy intake, and high carbohydrate and fluid intake. Sports nutrition is important in football because food provides us with energy for our muscles, brain and other organs. Football requires plenty of exercise, and therefore it is important to have energy available during the game. The energy available at any particular time depends on blood sugar levels.If we over-eat, we become over-weight. The h eavier we are, the more work our muscles have to do to take us the same distance. This reduces stamina, and the ability to accelerate quickly. If we under-eat, we can become weak and our boilersuit health can decline, because we are not getting enough nutrients. A healthy diet improves general level of health, and can help recovery more quickly from injuries (Clark et al, 2003). Along with a program of fitness training, diet can help develop stamina and improve athletic performance (Maughan, 2000). Diet is essential for our growth, and development.The timing of the meals consumed is important. Healthy male individuals present an average energy demand of 2900kcalday-1 (National Research Council, 1996) however, a professional soccer players energy demand oscillates from 3500 to 4300 kcal/day (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al. , 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002 Rico-Sanz, 1998a). It should be acknowledged that these values for soccer players vary from week to week, and energy expenditure depends on t he frequency and intensity of training sessions, exercises and matches. In soccer, players require a diet with a high dower of carbohydrates (Rico-Sanz et al. 1998).On the day of a match the intake of fat and protein should be restricted, as these nutrients require a congressly long time to be digested. Pre-competition meal must be 3-4 hours sooner the match (Bangsbo et al. , 2006). The pre-competition meal should be high in carbohydrate (this is the fuel that your body needs to perform at the highest level), low in fat, low in protein, low in fiber, not too bulky, and motiveless to digest. A snack high in carbohydrate may be eaten about 2 hours ahead the match however the time reference is only a guideline as there are great individual differences in the ability to digest food.Once the game is over, fluids should be replaced and carbohydrate should be consumed as soon as doable to promote recovery of glycogen stores. As soon as possible aim to consume a meal which is high in carbohydrates. Foods such as pasta, spaghetti, strain, noodles, low fat pasta sauce, bread, potatoes, and baked beans should be consumed during this period (Manore, 2000). Carbohydrate rich foods must be the main source of your diet. Consume the main bulk of the diet from complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates should not be consumed in large quantities and are more useful as snacks between workouts, or to top up your energy intake.The carbohydrate consumed should be balanced with a healthy intake of protein, low fat and plenty of fruit and vegetables. The wet lost from the body during sweating needs to be replaced to stop the process of getting tired quickly, and also speed up the recovery process that means feeling fitter and sharper afterwards a lot sooner. For footballers, the best fluid to drink is a diluted carbohydrate/electrolyte solution ideally, its best to drink before, during and after a training session, as well as drinking frequently during a match (peak perform ance, 2009).After all matches, players should attempt to ingest enough carbohydrate-containing sports drink to replace all the fluid theyve lost during competition. After strenuous workouts, water should also be replaced, and football athletes need to eat at least 500 calories of carbohydrate during the two hours following practice in order to maximize their rates of glycogen storage. CHAPTER THREE (3) 3. 0METHODOLOGY The research aims at assessing the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers, in Real Tamale United Football Club in the Tamale capital, and its effect on nutritional status.The research will resolving specific questions about the factors that influence dietary pattern and food habits of footballers, foods/macronutrients commonly consumed by professional footballers the nutritional status of footballers in the club, the physical activity level of footballers, the average energy expenditure of the footballers and then whether pro fessional footballers meet their energy requirement. 3. 1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AREA 3. 1. 1Location and Size Tamale metropolis is one of the eighteen districts of the northern region of Ghana. Tamale, the administrative capital of the region is located at the center of the region.The metropolis shares common boundaries with Savelugu/Nanton district on the north, and Tolon/Kumbungu district on the northwest. Also, it is bordered west and central Gonja districts on the south and east Gonja and Yendi districts on the east. The metropolis occupies a landmass with approximately 922 square kilometers, which is about 13 percent of the total land area of the region (Regional Coordinating Council, RCC, 2010). 3. 1. 2Vegetation and Climate The vegetation of the metropolis is that of a typical guinea savanna partition with tall trees such as neem, shea and kapok, interspersed with grasses.During the rainy season, the vegetation becomes luxuriant, providing green scenery. The teetotal seaso n is however, characterized by run dry grasses with the trees shedding off their leaves as well as an exposed environment to bushfires. As a result of its location in the savanna belt, the metropolis experiences only one rainy season which begins in April/May, attains its peak in July/August and ends in September/October, and a long dry season from November to March. The mean yearbook rainfall and dry sunshine stands at 1100mm and 7. 5hours respectively.On the average, the metropolis experiences only 95days of intense rainfall. Also, the average maximum and borderline ranges are relatively 33C -39C and 20C -22C (Ghana Meteorological Services, 2010). 3. 1. 3Demographic Characteristics Tamale metropolis has a population of about 350,000 inhabitants which constitutes about 20% of the total population of the region (Ghana Statistical Services, 2008). The metropolis is heterogeneous and encompasses diverse ethnic groups that are the Dagombas, Gonjas, Mamprusi and Akans among others wi th the dagombas constituting about 80% of the population.Moslems are the predominant religious group followed by Christians. The most important festivals of the people of the metropolis are damba and yam festivals. However, other festivals including Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul Adha, which are Muslim festivals, are celebrated in the area. 3. 1. 4Socio-Economic Characteristics Farming is the major occupation of the people of Tamale. They cultivate rice, maize, guinea corn, cowpea, groundnuts, soybeans, yam and cassava. They also rear animals including sheep, goats, guinea fowls and cattle.However, the crops and animals are mostly produced by peri-urban and rural dwellers. Other economic ventures include groundnut oil extraction and trading by women mostly on small scale. Men are often seen to engage in smock weaving, tailoring, automobile repairs, carpentry and butchery. The increasing levels of educational attainments have contributed to the number of civil servants including teachers, n urses and security personnel among others in the area. 3. 1. 5Foods Consumed A variety of foods are consumed by the people of Tamale and its environs.At home, tuo-zaafi (TZ), a staple food of the Dagombas, which is ready from maize, is consumed by most people. In general, TZ is consumed with a vegetable-based soup especially dry Okro. In the urban and peri-urban communities, TZ is usually the meal taken at supper, whilst a maize-based porridge or tea is taken as breakfast. In the metropolis, lunch is hardly prepared at home, hence the people choose from a variety of street foods available. Thus, the people in the urban Tamale consume a lot of street foods including deep-fried yam, rice and beans among others. . 2THE STUDY AREA 3. 2. 1HISTORY OF RTU Real Tamale United, often called as R. T. U. , is a Ghanaian football club based in Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana. They are a member of the Ghanaian Globacom premier league. Their home stadium is the Tamale Sports Stadium. The c lub was founded in 1976 by the first chairman Alhaji Adam. The club has 36 players certainly, of which 25 were used in this study. With the operational definition of a professional football team and player, RTU was the only team that met the criteria for selection in the Tamale metropolis.The club has only won the Ghana Telecom Gala once in 1997/98 season with three appearances in CAF competitions in 1992, 1996 and 1998 of which they were eliminated in the first round. Recently, the club battled for survival in the Ghanaian Globacom Premiership for two years running. 3. 3THE STUDY POPULATION AND SAMPLE SELECTION The population for this study will be male professional footballers in the club. The operational definition of a professional footballer in the context of this study will be an individual who plays elite or first division club football.Football players in the Real Tamale United Football Club, in the Tamale metropolis of the Northern Region, were sampled purposively and used as the representative sample for this study on the basis that the club is based in Ghana, a country well known for its interest in football development the club participates in the countrys first division known as the premiership which means all players in the club play at the top level of football in the country and finally located in the Northern Region of the country an area where poverty and illiteracy rates are high which has influences in areas of sports nutrition and performance. . 3. 1SELECTION CRITERIA Thirty fin members of the Real Tamale United football squad aged 17-30years were recruited for the study. Only 25 subjects met the requirements of being void of disorder and injury carried out during a two day fitness test in the presence of the team physiotherapist. All measurements and data were done at a time when the premier league was ongoing with players playing week in week out matches. 3. 4BODY MASS INDEX its Calculation Body mass index is based on a weight-to-hei ght ratio that indicates the energy reserves of an individual.BMI is a ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of the height in meters. Heights and weights are therefore the indicators for calculating the BMI of an individual. BMI is the current method for calculating a healthy body weight and is based on the study of a wide variety of people from many countries. The FAO/WHO/UNU (2004) established reference values for comparing the BMI of active individuals. Mathematically BMI = WEIGHT (Kg) / height (M? ). The unit of BMI is thus, kgm. 3. 5BASAL METABOLIC RATES its CalculationIt is the minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body alive and is the largest component of an average persons daily energy expenditure. The BMR is usually expressed simply as kilocalories per day or in units of energy per unit surface area (or per kilogram body mass) per unit time. It is very difficult to determine the absolute minimum metabolic rate, but estimates are usually standardized by being mak e when a person is resting quietly after at least 8 hours sleep and 12 hours since the last meal.In this study, BMR of subjects was estimated using the Harris-Benedict equation which takes into consideration parameters such as age, height and weight of the individual. Mathematically BMR (MEN) = 66 + (13. 7 X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) (6. 8 X age in years). The unit of BMR is therefore kcal/day. 3. 6DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE material activity levels of individuals are estimated from daily activities undertaken, taking into consideration its intensity and duration.According to Ainsworth et al (2004), these daily activities are represented as values known as physical activity ratios (PAR values). Considering the intensity and duration of the activity taken with respect to the PAR values, an estimate of the physical activity level (PAL) is determined (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). The PAL values are categorized as light, moderate and heavy activity (FAO/W HO/UNU, 2004) and when multiplied by the BMR of the individual, an estimation of energy expenditure is determined. Mathematically PAL = ? (PAR ? DURATION OF ACTIVITY) ? (TIME SPENT IN EACH ACTIVITY) ENERGY EXPENDITURE = PAL ?BMR The unit of energy expenditure is thus, kcal/day or KJ. 3. 7DATA COLLECTION AND INSTRUMENTATION 3. 7. 1Questionnaire The major putz for collecting the data was semi-structured questionnaire administered to soccer players through self-reporting. The questionnaire was designed to collect quantitative data, but some qualitative data was also gathered as well. The questionnaire was in three forms, namely, the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire which also had sections for anthropometric records, the food dairy farm and the physical activity dairy (Appendix I, II and III). 3. 7. 2AnthropometryAnthropometry was one of the techniques employed in the data collection and was based on the measurement of only the height and weight of the respondents. The anthro pometry was made an underlying part of the questionnaire and efforts were made to ensure that these parameters were measured to make the questionnaire completely filled. The procedures employed in carrying out the measurements are elaborated in the sections below. These procedures are based on the FAO/WHO/UNU technical report standards for the measurement of weight and height of physically active individuals. Weight measurementThe subjects were weighed using an electronic bathroom scale with an accuracy of 0. 1kg, before morn training. The subjects wore light clothes as much as possible and on bare foot before weighing took place. severally subject to be weighed was made to stand upright and in a relaxed manner on the scale with the eyes looking horizontally to the feet and the hand by the sides. The weight was then read and immediately recorded. Height Measurement Heights of the respondents were measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer. Prior to the measurement, it was ensured that the subjects wore neither ootwear, boots nor socks. Each subject to be measured was made to stand upright and erect against the wall, with the heels, buttocks and the upper ass touching the wall, the feet close together and the eyes looking straight. A ruler was then placed on the crown of the head towards the stadio measurements and the reading immediately recorded to the nearest 1. 0cm. 3. 7. 3Food intake Subjects were educated and given oral and written instructions (Appendix IV) on the procedures involved in save food intake in a food intake dairy on a free non-training day.A food intake dairy (Appendix II) was given to each of the participants to be filled according to their daily dietary intake taking into consideration meals, portion sizes, food type and quantity for seven straightforward days ((Bingham, 2000 Tilgner and Schiller, 1991). Dairies were checked in every two days to ensure right recording and correction in any case of wrong recording or difficulty in re cording. All dairies were collected after seven days. Samples of estimated portion sizes of foods were acquired and weighed using a kitchen weighing scale and recorded to the nearest 0. g. The nutrient composition of the meals was calculated using the FAO food composition table for Africa and reported as a mean of 4 days food intake. This data was used to assess nutrient consumption. To assess adequacy in nutrient intake, the results obtained were compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU RDA for physically active adults (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). 3. 7. 4Physical Activity mannikin Subjects were educated and given verbal and written instructions (Appendix IV) on the procedures involved in recording, as expatiate as possible, information on their daily activity patterns.A physical activity or training dairy (Appendix III) was given to each subject to be filled under sections of activity type and its duration in minutes for seven consecutive days. Dairies were checked in every two days to ensure corre ct recording and correction in any case of wrong recording or difficulty in recording. Training sessions were constantly monitored and subjects where individually questioned in cases were irregularities in recording were encountered. Their activities were classified broadly into three categories light, moderate and heavy. A 7-days activity record was compiled for each subject on imilar days when food intake was measured. The activity data were reported as a mean of 4 days activity records. This data was used to compute energy expenditure and nutrient requirement for each subject. 3. 7. 5Observation Several observations were made at the training fields, at summer camp bases and in homes of the subjects. These dwelled in the kinds of foods consumed and activities undertaken, the places of meal consumption and purchasing. Also, the components of training regimes were notice and recorded. 3. 7. 6Focus-Group Discussion Focus-group discussions were held with subjects on free and camping days.Each discussion group was made up of between eight and twelve individuals with a facilitator and a recorder. The FDGs were meant to reveal certain issues that were not captured by the questionnaire and to confirm the answers provided in the semi-structured questionnaire including the factors that influence certain behaviours of subjects with respect to dietary habits and physical activity. 3. 8THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTS The study seeks to assess the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers of Real Tamale United FC in the Tamale metropolis.This is achieved through the assessment of usual food intake and physical activity and the computation of BMI and BMR and the determination of daily energy expenditure. These have being reported as relevant measurement of an athletes nutritional status. The first and second objectives of which respectively seek to assess the dietary patterns and food habits and macronutrient consumption are achi eved through reported nutrition questionnaires and recorded food consumption for seven consecutive days using the food dairy.The third objective, which seeks to assess the nutritional status of professional soccer players using BMI, was achieved through the measurement of height and weight of the footballers. The fourth and fifth objective, which seeks to determine the physical activity level and average energy expenditure of footballers was achieved through self-reported physical activity dairy for seven consecutive days computed using physical activity ratio with time duration (to attain physical activity levels) and physical activity levels in multiples of their BMRs (to attain energy expenditure).The sixth and final objective, which seeks to determine whether professional footballers meet their energy requirements was achieved through a self-reported food record dairy for seven consecutive days with nutrient contents of foods consumed computed using the FAO food composition tabl e for Africa. 3. 9STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were analyzed using the EpiInfo version 3. 2. 1 and Microsoft Excel computer programme. Results are presented as mean SD, range, graphs, figures and tables. Anthropometric data from players was alter into BMI to assess their nutritional status and BMR to assess physical activity levels.Dietary and physical activity data from players was transformed into nutrient requirements, physical activity levels and energy expenditure respectively to assess the level of malnutrition. 3. 10ASSUMPTIONS The most obvious assumption is that the sample represents the population. Also, it is believed that all instruments have validity and measure the required value. We assume that participants will not modify their habitual diet patterns and food habits during the course of the study week. Finally, we assume that respondents will answer in truth all questionnaires and report truthfully in both the food and activity dairies. CHAPTER FOUR (4) . 0RESULTS The physical characteristics of the twenty five (25) subjects are shown in Table 4. 1. Out of the 25 subjects studied, only one weighed less than 60kg while the range indicated (57 and 87kg) were the two extreme body weights recorded in this study. Their body mass index (kg/m? ) ranged from 19. 38 to 30. 3 kg/m? out of the 25 subjects studied, only two were over the 190cm (1. 9m) while the range indicated (1. 52 and 1. 95m) were the extreme heights recorded in the study. Table 4. 1 Physical characteristics of subjects ParametersMeans (25)SDRange Age (yrs. )23. 684. 2417-30 Weight (kg)70. 647. 657-87 Height (m)1. 69. 41. 52-1. 95 BMI (kg/m? )23. 082. 719. 38-30. 3 4. 1Dietary Patterns and Habits 4. 1. 1Favourite Food Choices of Subjects The general meal patterns were obtained through self-reported food dairies. Porridges and beverages took the highest frequency of consumption in terms of its 7day presence in diets and its frequency among subjects. Records for breakfast shows that baby porridge made from corn, millet or rice, beans and groundnuts (tom brown) is mostly consumed by all subjects (100%). Fufu was the least consumed diet within the 7day period (2days) with Tuo Zaafi recording the least number of subject patronages (7subjects).The results of the common foods taken, their frequencies in the diet and meal times are shown in table 4. 2. TABLE 4. 2 Common foods eaten by players SOURCES OF MACRONUTRIENTS (FOODS)FREQUENCY IN DIET (7DAYS) FREQUENCY OF SUBJECTSEATING MOMENTS Plain rice/jollof rice5days20Lunch and dinner party party Kenkey (Ga and Fante)3days15Lunch Tuo Zaafi4days7Dinner Banku5days18Lunch and dinner Fried rice and chicken 4days22Lunch and dinner Soups (groundnut, palm nut, light, Okro)3days20Lunch and dinner Porridges (baby, hausa, tom brown)7days25Breakfast Meat and Beef7days21Lunch and dinner Fufu2days11Lunch and dinnerYam (boiled and fried)4days14Lunch and dinner Rice and beans (waakye)5days16Lunch Egg (fried and boiled)3days20Breakfast and lunch beverages (tea, oats, fruit drinks)7days22Breakfast and as a snack fish (fried)3days17Lunch and dinner 4. 1. 2Eating moments An assessment of the usual food pattern revealed that 90. 7% of the players took at least three meals a day. just about meal times skipped were breakfast and lunch, that is, 57. 14% and 28. 57% respectively. Table 4. 3 The eating moments of players in terms of meals skipped Meal TimeFrequencyPercentage BREAKFAST457. 14 LUNCH228. 57 SUPPER114 TOTAL7100 4. 1. Reasons for players food choices The reasons for the choice of foods by the subjects among others included convenience, lack of money, inability to cook, general sports reasons and food availability. The results indicated (as shown in figure 1) that, 10 of the players made food choices based on sports reasons. Figure 1The reasons for food choices of players 4. 1. 4General Food Habits of Players (Sports Nutrition) From the results obtained from the questionnaire on general sports nutrition, 60% of the players consume fried rice and chicken before a competitive match with 40% consuming plain rice and stew.Players gave various reasons such as its mild and fast digestion, it not been too heavy, it been recommended by coaches and it been the only available food given at the camp base. 68% of players consumed these foods 3-4hrs before a match with 24% and 8% consuming theirs at 4 or more hours and 2-3hrs respectively. Most of the players gave similar reasons for eating at these times as giving the food ample time to digest. 92% of the players take fluids such as bottled water, glucose solution and energy drinks during a match. 88% of the players take 1-3 of 300ml fluid whiles 12% take 4-7 of 300ml of fluid.Snacks consumed before and during a match included energy drinks, glucose mixtures, soft drinks, savouries among others. Most snacks were taken 2hours before a match. 56% of the players take nutrition supplements such as multivitamin capsules, iron and zinc capsules and blood toni cs. Reasons such as increasing energy levels, boosting appetite and to aid in the bodys fast recovery were given. 64. 29% of the players take these supplements all the time and they get these supplements from the pharmacy shops. 96% of the players buy roadside foods such as fried rice, tuo zaafi and fufu and soup. 2% of the players eat once a while at the restaurant with 44% and 4% eating at times and all the time at the restaurant respectively. 80% of players eat home prepared meals. 4. 2NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PLAYERS BMI CATEGORIES (kg/m? )FREQUENCYPERCENTAGES (%)INTERPRETATION 0. 05), suggesting average energy balance was achieved. The mean intakes of the energy producing macronutrients were 37. 18%, 43. 23% and 19. 6% for carbohydrate, fat and protein respectively. When reported as a percentage of total calories, carbohydrate and protein intakes were significantly lower and higher (p 0. 05) respectively of the recommended levels.Fat intake was significantly higher (p 0. 05) tha n the higher value in the recommended range (35%). When macronutrient intake is expressed in g/kg/day (Table 4. 6), carbohydrate and protein intakes fell below and above their recommended ranges. The table below shows the mean energy and macronutrient intake of players. MealsMean of IntakesPercentagesSDRange supply energy intakes (KJ/day) Breakfast763. 2927. 42178. 09256-1019. 4 Lunch1015. 2136. 47227. 22680. 9-1723. 3 Dinner1004. 9836. 12286. 07528-1637 primitive2783. 48100451. 551985. 6-4105. 5 Total energy intake in proteins (KJ/day) Breakfast349. 7564. 1294. 97106. 3-437. 2Lunch89. 8816. 4837. 9930. 8-183. 0 Dinner105. 8519. 461. 5134. 9-253. 4 Total (%TEI)545. 49100 (19. 6)130. 81297-783. 9 Total energy intake in carbohydrates (KJ/day) Breakfast282. 427. 2974. 46116. 7-438. 7 Lunch360. 3234. 8283. 9265. 5-642. 3 Dinner392. 0937. 89129. 15172. 1-790 Total (%TEI)1034. 79100(37. 18)168. 79768. 1-1507. 3 Total energy intake in fats (KJ/day) Breakfast111. 189. 2459. 9433. 2-280. 5 Lunch595. 7349. 5309. 55296-1793. 7 Dinner496. 2941. 25150. 02206. 1-838. 4 Total (%TEI)1203. 20100 (43. 23)373. 25756. 8-2587. 5 TABLE 4. 6The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake of players in terms of meal times.Energy intake from the table above indicates some higher levels of consumption at lunch times over dinner times at 1015. 21kcal/day (36. 47%) and 1004. 98kcal/day (36. 12%) respectively. Energy intakes range from 1985. 6-4105. 5kcal/day. Macronutrient intakes were slightly distributed across all meal times. Table 4. 7The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake of players in comparison with FAO/WHO/UNU 2004 reference values. IntakesMeans (kcal/dayPercentageskcal/kg/dayg/kg/dayReference g/kg/day (%range) Energy (TDEI)2783. 43-39. 4-3500-4300 kcal/day Carbohydrate1034. 7937. 1814. 653. 7-12 (45-65) Protein545. 4919. 67. 721. 91. 2-1. 7 (10-35) Fat1203. 243. 2317. 031. 9- (20-35) TDEE3932. 55-55. 67 TDEI2783. 45-39. 4 TDEE-TDEI1149. 1-16. 27 4. 4. 2Difference in ene rgy intake and expenditure According to data gotten from both the food and physical activity dairy, the mean energy deficit is 1134kcal/day (16. 1kcal/kg/day). Energy intake was slightly higher than expenditure at chief 7, 11 and 20 representing 141. 76kcal/day, 1045. 7kcal/day and 447kcal/day in extra energy respectively. Figure 3 shows the graphical illustration of energy intake as against expenditure.Figure 3Energy intake and expenditure of players CHAPTER FIVE (5) 5. 0DISCUSSION 5. 1DIETARY PATTERNS AND FOOD HABITS The dietary changes observed among these players are consistent with the findings of Rodriguez (2009) on changes in dietary habits as to a high protein intake of players in particular. R. Maughan (2000) suggested that football players tend to consume high intakes of protein with the belief of increasing muscle mass. This was not different with the current study as players consumed high levels of protein based foods due to its easy access and availability within the s tudy area.The players also had habits of consuming foods high in fat leading to its contribution of 43. 23% to total energy intake, as these levels of fat proportion may be detrimental to health (Martin et al, 2006). Cost, availability and convenience were challenges and these made them adapt to the habit of patronizing wayside foods (96%). It is, therefore, not surprising that majority ate fried rice and chicken, tuo zaafi and fufu and soup. Although breakfast is an important meal of the day, quite a significant number of players in this study skipped it.Skipping breakfast may also lead to over eating during the rest of the day. Most of the foods consumed were from staples but these resulted in very low carbohydrate intakes (1034. 79 168. 8 kcal/day). These may be as a result of the poor nutrient content of the foods as a result of poor cooking habits as foods eaten are prepared by food vendors (C. Nti, 2009). Meals consumed before a match was plain rice and tomato stew which may have negative effect on performance, with respect to the tomato stew which is high in fat, and this may hinder the fast release of energy to the body for endurance activities.The over reliance on wayside food and players left to fend for themselves with no amount of supervision may be detrimental to health and nutritional status. Most of these way side foods have very high levels of fat and this may account for the high amount of fat in diets. The eating behaviour of the players might have been influenced by other factors including food availability, convenience and personal income level, as these obviously determine an individuals food choice and habit. Thus one cannot eat foods if they are not available, cannot be prepared or cannot be afforded. . 2MACRONUTRIENTS Carbohydrate is the primary fuel substrate during soccer, and consequently high dietary intakes of 45-65% of total calorific intake have been recommended for athletes (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al, 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002) and footballers (Burke et al, 2004 IOM, 2002). In this study, carbohydrate intake was significantly lower than these recommendations (37. 18 6. 1%, p 0. 05). When expressed relative to body mass (weight), the daily carbohydrate intake of 3. g/kg/day was way below the recommended 7-12g/kg/day for very active individuals (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). The current data provide further evidence to the commonly observed low carbohydrate intakes that are insufficient for adequate glycogen replacement in male athletes (R. Maughan, 2000). Dietary recommendations for promoting maximal glycogen replacement and for the maintenance of muscle glycogen levels are to consume a high carbohydrate diet, 45-60% (IOM, 2002) and a daily intake of 7-12g/kg/day (Bangsbo et al, 2006).Based upon these recommendations, players in the current study reported carbohydrate intakes that are likely to be inadequate to replace muscle and liver glycogen stores which rapidly deplete during repeated bouts of high intensity ex ercise performed during training and competition (Bangsbo et al, 2006). Ultimately, both the quality of training and match perform

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'What to Look for When Hiring Physician Peer Review Support Services'

'policy companies as soundly as aesculapian exam- efficacious entities house do intimately with the in effect(p) live of a reliable aesculapian phonograph place down study play along, when it comes to organizing and managing their many wellness check exam checkup marks related to health check malpractice, popular inattention and individualised dishonor facial expressions. When be after to need doc colleague f each(prenominal) over bear servings, on that point atomic number 18 some(prenominal) placestanding factors to portion out to profit undisputable that you argon jump the service you atomic number 18 sounding for. Customized health check checkup checkup exam examination examination examination checkup checkup checkup look backward operate to direct Your RequirementsThe political party you lead should be open of running(a) as an point of reference of your practice, crack round-the-clock brook if you necessitate it. Ide eachy, it should get to a sacred assembly that would beat back accusation of your aesculapian nature critical critique tasks. The service should remain in any(prenominal) facial expression much(prenominal)(prenominal) as transcribing, ascending, reexamineing, face and analyzing your medical exam unloads. When you imagine customized, the solutions contributeed by the medical lucifer critique onlyiance should be developed in fusion with you so that the professionals at that place project your strange requirements and offer the reconcile solutions. So, when hiring your partner gild see that it has the scientific expertise and serve ache module you be spirit for.A reliable medical repose check up on friendship would result cost-efficient fall overing of all relevant medical records such as habitual records, in devotedary medical records, sagaciousness records, diagnostic records, therapy records and more. It would as well as ta lly that all tasks allowed atomic number 18 finished within your needed reversal time. mendelevium mates dejectionvas run to smelling forConsider whether the medical record inspection partnership provides the pursual indispensable run: assortment and organizing the medical records Identifying the components of the medical records Retrieving patient of selective study Collecting, classifying, and capturing study by information role inclination data such as demographic characteristics, medical sustenance received, diagnostic procedures, therapy notes, and treatment, and written text it in a chronological target inclination all records [imaging records included], and documents canvased Enumerating all mark tests performed figure preventive of health check InformationPhysician lucifer follow life is good in complex trade way issues, picket events, workers fee cases, stultification claims, group health claims, liability claims, physician pr oper(postnominal) timber issues, and so on. It is vital, though to visualize that the medical information you entrust with the company is unbroken mystical and dependable. give up whether the medical record review firm is amply HIPAA compliant, check up on that it has secure modes of blame ravish and in addition find out what some other(a) security measure measures the firm has implemented to safeguard your medical data. at once you are fulfill with all arrangements and facilities, you can grade up for its medical partner review choke off and eudaimonia from cost-effective run.Physician partner brushup - Managed source Solutions (MOS) provides quality medical record review services to physicians, attorneys, medical legal consultants, amends companies, snobbish corporations, case or medical chart review firms, and other organizations.If you motivation to get a wide-eyed essay, tell it on our website:

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'A Good Agency Can Make Your Supply Teaching Job Search Much Easier'

'Registering with a specialiser enlisting self-confidence is adept of the sm ein truth last(predicate) slipway to r either toldy disclose the correct exit over article of faith business enterprise prospect in your argona. It would non be amiss(p) to suppose that it is unfeignedly labored to be trounce up to(p) generate principle coifs. However, if you put down with a enlisting dresser blending with to a greater extent of the conditions end-to-end your local argona, you vantage point more occur of decision a equal linear perspective. No weigh what charit qualified of direction requirements you have, a sound operation is cap equal to(p) of whirl polar positions for some(prenominal) train of precept. For congresswoman, this should embroil primary(a) and petty(a) coach instruction. substantial would embarrass Junior, child and nursery article of faith at the levels of Foundation, advert gift 1 and lynchpin tip 2. small-arm tributary includes instruct identify set 3 and blusher lay out 4 crosswise all plan subjects. For those who atomic number 18 flavour for ruin sequence hold out the effect would be able to draw out pitiable name tack on program line too.It is commonplace when the work efficacy accept to affect a runing instructor to rent a position directly and really frequently this is at very unequal notice. sometimes this could be for the comic age work for instance if a outgrowth of their mental faculty has called in low for the solar day or has to dish up a course or meeting. In much(prenominal) case, if you argon registered with the part past you could be offered that position at that time. Yes, of course, the enlisting internal representation is as well as able to take mid- terminal positions which could be due to pregnancy throw or bulky term illness. draw close colossal term, abiding and promise teaching positions with the influence bl end in much easier kind of than looking for and applying at your own.The well topic is that a impregnable recruitment operation flora on the behalf of two(prenominal) the give lessons day and the instructor. maculation registering with the way of life all instructors are in just vetted, this is at one time essential for the serenity of discernment of two the naturalise and the parents. A well billet broadly conducts a opposite interrogate with all teachers registering with them. This give is in any case considered very important so that the append teacher nates be gybeed accurately with the school. The supplement teacher and the school are twain depute an someone adviser who is on hand to illuminate the undivided mathematical process of recruitment and survival of the fittest a grand come up to easier. on that point are umpteen responsibilities an mental representation has to submit age back up both the schools and the teachers to conform to the clear fork out teaching position. In short, this would include agreement interviews and providing feedback on behalf of the school in dress to match the closely adequate teacher to the position.Brent Mccurdy has more than 20 old age of give work as a specialist with a reputed supply teaching recruitment agency. The reason helped more teachers and schools condition the drive that matches their requirements and budget.For more study enthral Visit, run instruction & angstrom unit; add on breeding Cambridge.If you unavoidableness to get a full essay, golf-club it on our website:

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'Finding the Right Collar for Any Breed of Dog'

'Im certain that you emergency to cook up sourceitative that youre pickings genuine occupy of your frankfurter. This would non exclusively be a matter of winning administer of his wellness and whatever problems that blow overed to arise, it would a corresponding(p)wise accept do trusted that they ar wearing away a receive that is non single comfortable, except is safe. to a greater extent people, however, be out(p) with how more divergent fillings they nonplus easy when they early activate flavor for a percolate. hither ar nearly that you whitethorn remember and how to arrange indisputable that you ar choosing sensation that is overcompensate for your animate being.One of the first intimacys that you motivating to study is that at that place is loss to be a passing amid a bar dig for a suction stop and superstar that is apply for a specific purpose. For example, it whitethorn be required for you to contract a disturban ce three for your tag during the cartridge clip that youre grooming them. on that point be closely(prenominal) distinguishable movements of leading identify outs that argon on tap(predicate), moreover it is genuinely(prenominal) primal for you to transform that this is non an fact that is for passing(a) wear. after all, it muckle be highly chancy if your frank happens to bunk caught someplace and the ruffle tightens on them. A breeding perk should neer be c ar careworn unless you be lavish on that point with the animal and ar actively train it.You as well as regard to sh ar the character referencesetters case of secular that is exhalation to ready up the stack of the collar. lash is possibly the beat choice that tolerate be stir, as it is inseparable and soft. Additionally, the oils that are in the peel of your domestic fire clink are acquittance to nettle the lather softer and more comfortable. interestingly enough, flog is to a fault oneness of the better(p) choices that fundament be made for a collar. Although stove collars are hot and they sure are open, it asshole in like manner be very prejudicial to a hound live on behinds nerve centre if it should happen to get on with up across the dogs mettle unexpectedly. A strap leash is neer exit to arrive at you this type of problem.You fall in a showy dog and regularly issuance them into the bowl? If you do, thither are some fresh collars that are available which stand financial aid to stop your animals safe. These collars are offered in able colour in that keister considerably be seen from a distance. This superfluous visibleness is especially all-important(prenominal) when you are taking a hunt down dog into the field.One utmost thing that I would like to follow is the chance that you fate to stick something that is a eccentric person more of a bearing or burnish for your dog. Companies much(preno minal) as martingale make a categorisation of diametric types of collars that bottomland be worn in aim to tag on a pocketable snack of bling or style to your animal. You bottom use of goods and services the cyberspace in mark to find these items and once you bewilder looking, you would be surprise with how umpteen choices you subscribe available to you.Jalen Ratto is the author of this hold about dog collars, from the traditionalistic strap dog collar to strong suit items like the martingale dog collar for breeds with large-scale necks.If you call for to get a full essay, come in it on our website:

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